8 - Alcohol Flashcards
1
Q
yeast
A
- fast generation time
- dried for storage (rehydrated)
- genomes fully sequenced
- model organisms
2
Q
fermentation mechanism
A
- glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce 2 pyruvate molecules
- 2 pyruvate molecules undergoes decarboxylation to produce 2 acetaldehyde molecules
- 2 acetaldehyde molecules undergoes aldehyde dehydrogenase to produce 2 ethanol
3
Q
fermentation
A
- 15% ethanol is toxic
- distillation decreases concentration of alcohol to 40%+
4
Q
molecules
A
- anthocyanine
- terpenes
- tannins
- polyphenols
- vitamins
5
Q
alchohol use
A
- abstinence
- moderate
- binge drinker
- heavy (alcoholic)
6
Q
absorption
A
- mostly in the intestine
- some in the stomach
- slows down metabolism in stomach
7
Q
blood alcohol content (BAC)
A
ethanol (in grams) / 100 ml blood
8
Q
acute effects
A
- biphasic
- increased sociability
- decreased anxiety
9
Q
physiological effects
A
- vasdilation
- increased gastric/salivary secretions
- loss of stomach mucosal lining
10
Q
spins
A
- ethanol permeates endolymph and cupula
- cupula becomes more dense than endolymph as ethanol exits, therefore it is not stabilized when lying down
- sensory fibres activated, brain interprets lying down as motion
11
Q
neuronal activity
A
- slowed
- affected NTs: GABA, Glu, DA
- anxiolytic effects
12
Q
anxiolytic effects
A
- effects from the amygdala
- drowsiness
- dizziness
- lowered BP
13
Q
ethanol reinforcement
A
- decreases glutamate release in GABAergic neurons
- increases opioiod release in GABAergic neurons
- increase DA release due to GABA being inhibited
14
Q
metabolism
A
- 90% metabolized in liver
- 5% metabolized in other parts of the body
- 3% metabolized in stomach
- 2% excreted unchanged (breath, urine, skin)
- genetic background influences acetaldehyde levels, effects, vulnerability to addiction (Asians have lower ALDH variant, therefore they will feel the effects of ethanol more)
15
Q
kinetics
A
zero order kinetics (only a certain amount metabolized in an hour)
16
Q
driving
A
- exhaled 1/2100
- provincial suspension: 0.05% (0.05g in 100ml)
- federal criminal DUI: 0.08 (0.08g in 100ml)
- 0.4-0.5% is lethal
17
Q
poisoning
A
- antifreeze
- methanol
- hand sanitizer
- isopropanol
18
Q
treating methanol poisoning
A
- administer ethanol
- administer fomepizol
19
Q
ethanol administration against methanol
A
- out-competes methanol for enzymes, reducing formaldehyde production
- methanol excreted unchanged by kidneys
20
Q
fomepizole administration against methanol
A
- competitive inhibitor of ADH
- prevents build-up of toxic metabolites
- more expensive
21
Q
early studies
A
- 19th century: lipid theory from Meyer-Overton
- 1980s: ethanol inhibit soluble enzyme
- ethanol increases VTA DA firing
- invitro: 10-200 mM of ethanol increaes spontaneous VTA firing
- ethanol must be applied in VTA, not NAc
22
Q
mechanism of ethanol action
A
- sedative-effects
- asphyxiation at lethal doses due to alck of activity in autonomic centers
- lower levels, GABA-A activity increases
- higher levels, iGlu-NMDA recep. and voltage-gated calcium channels are inhibited
23
Q
projections
A
- Glu and GABA are important for reinforcement
24
Q
input projections
A
- Glu is projected from PFC
- Glu is projected from RN
- GABA is projected from NAc
25
Q
GABA-A receptors
A
- heteropentameric receptors
- Cys-loop ligand-gated channel superfamily
- 19 genes, therefore 19 subunits
- ethanol potentiates after activation
- mIPSCs (small currents) from hyperpolarization
26
Q
NMDA receptors
A
- heterotetramic receptors
- ionotropic Glu family
- subunit composition affects fxn
- NR1/2C is less sensitive than NR1/2A/E
- inhibited at high doses, therefore additive effects with GABA results in depressed electrical activity
27
Q
VTA DA neruons
A
- VTA also received proejctions from opioid-ergic input from arcuate nucleus of hypo.
- endrophin released at high doses of ethanol, predisposed to alcohol abuse
