Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMCOL 305 > 8 - Alcohol > Flashcards

8 - Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

yeast

A
  • fast generation time
  • dried for storage (rehydrated)
  • genomes fully sequenced
  • model organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

fermentation mechanism

A
  1. glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce 2 pyruvate molecules
  2. 2 pyruvate molecules undergoes decarboxylation to produce 2 acetaldehyde molecules
  3. 2 acetaldehyde molecules undergoes aldehyde dehydrogenase to produce 2 ethanol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fermentation

A
  • 15% ethanol is toxic

- distillation decreases concentration of alcohol to 40%+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

molecules

A
  • anthocyanine
  • terpenes
  • tannins
  • polyphenols
  • vitamins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

alchohol use

A
  1. abstinence
  2. moderate
  3. binge drinker
  4. heavy (alcoholic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

absorption

A
  • mostly in the intestine
  • some in the stomach
  • slows down metabolism in stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

blood alcohol content (BAC)

A

ethanol (in grams) / 100 ml blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acute effects

A
  • biphasic
  • increased sociability
  • decreased anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

physiological effects

A
  • vasdilation
  • increased gastric/salivary secretions
  • loss of stomach mucosal lining
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

spins

A
  • ethanol permeates endolymph and cupula
  • cupula becomes more dense than endolymph as ethanol exits, therefore it is not stabilized when lying down
  • sensory fibres activated, brain interprets lying down as motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

neuronal activity

A
  • slowed
  • affected NTs: GABA, Glu, DA
  • anxiolytic effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

anxiolytic effects

A
  • effects from the amygdala
  • drowsiness
  • dizziness
  • lowered BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ethanol reinforcement

A
  • decreases glutamate release in GABAergic neurons
  • increases opioiod release in GABAergic neurons
  • increase DA release due to GABA being inhibited
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

metabolism

A
  • 90% metabolized in liver
  • 5% metabolized in other parts of the body
  • 3% metabolized in stomach
  • 2% excreted unchanged (breath, urine, skin)
  • genetic background influences acetaldehyde levels, effects, vulnerability to addiction (Asians have lower ALDH variant, therefore they will feel the effects of ethanol more)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

kinetics

A

zero order kinetics (only a certain amount metabolized in an hour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

driving

A
  • exhaled 1/2100
  • provincial suspension: 0.05% (0.05g in 100ml)
  • federal criminal DUI: 0.08 (0.08g in 100ml)
  • 0.4-0.5% is lethal
17
Q

poisoning

A
  • antifreeze
  • methanol
  • hand sanitizer
  • isopropanol
18
Q

treating methanol poisoning

A
  • administer ethanol

- administer fomepizol

19
Q

ethanol administration against methanol

A
  • out-competes methanol for enzymes, reducing formaldehyde production
  • methanol excreted unchanged by kidneys
20
Q

fomepizole administration against methanol

A
  • competitive inhibitor of ADH
  • prevents build-up of toxic metabolites
  • more expensive
21
Q

early studies

A
  • 19th century: lipid theory from Meyer-Overton
  • 1980s: ethanol inhibit soluble enzyme
  • ethanol increases VTA DA firing
  • invitro: 10-200 mM of ethanol increaes spontaneous VTA firing
  • ethanol must be applied in VTA, not NAc
22
Q

mechanism of ethanol action

A
  • sedative-effects
  • asphyxiation at lethal doses due to alck of activity in autonomic centers
  • lower levels, GABA-A activity increases
  • higher levels, iGlu-NMDA recep. and voltage-gated calcium channels are inhibited
23
Q

projections

A
  • Glu and GABA are important for reinforcement
24
Q

input projections

A
  • Glu is projected from PFC
  • Glu is projected from RN
  • GABA is projected from NAc
25
Q

GABA-A receptors

A
  • heteropentameric receptors
  • Cys-loop ligand-gated channel superfamily
  • 19 genes, therefore 19 subunits
  • ethanol potentiates after activation
  • mIPSCs (small currents) from hyperpolarization
26
Q

NMDA receptors

A
  • heterotetramic receptors
  • ionotropic Glu family
  • subunit composition affects fxn
  • NR1/2C is less sensitive than NR1/2A/E
  • inhibited at high doses, therefore additive effects with GABA results in depressed electrical activity
27
Q

VTA DA neruons

A
  • VTA also received proejctions from opioid-ergic input from arcuate nucleus of hypo.
  • endrophin released at high doses of ethanol, predisposed to alcohol abuse

PMCOL 305 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions