4 - Routes of Administration

Question 1

twin studies

Answer 1

monozygotic twins have more similar characteristics than heterozygous twins

Question 2

adoption studies

Answer 2

more likely to display birth family habits than adopted family habits

Question 3

reward deficiency hypothesis

Answer 3

• genetic and environmental factors lead to addiction

- addictable mice are deficient in enzymes that make DA

Question 4

factors in reward deficiency hypothesis

Answer 4

• deficiency of D2 receptors in reward circuit
• deficiency of D3 receptors in reward circuit
• deficiency of presynaptic DA levels in NAc

Question 5

deficits in striatal D2 levels

Answer 5

subjects with deficits in striatal D2 levels report a pleasurable experience with methylpehnidate (amphetamine)

Question 6

characteristics with high vulnerability to drug-seeking behaviour

Answer 6

• high reactivity to stress
• high novelty-induced locomotor activity
• high novelty seeking
• high trait impulsivity
• all effects that can be passed down

Question 7

individual characteristics with high vulnerability to drug-seeking behaviour in humans

Answer 7

• sensation and novelty-seeking
• trait impulsivity
• anti-social conduct disorder

Question 8

biopsychosocial model of addiction

Answer 8

• monkeys submissive to drugs had lower D2 receptor levels and higher vulnerability (positive reinforcers and higher intake)
• ties together naivety (exposure), DA functionality, behavioural traits and social factor to causes of addiction

Question 9

polygenecity

Answer 9

multiple genes are involved in addiciton

Question 10

predispositions

Answer 10

tendency/vulnerability to suffer from condition

Question 11

single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Answer 11

base pair differences within coding and non-coding region between alleles of genes in the pop’n

Question 12

methylation

Answer 12

shuts off/silences genes

Question 13

recent findings in GWAS

Answer 13

• neural adhesion is important for plasticity
• DNA/RNA processing, transcriptional regulation and cell structure is also important for plasticity
• addition is misdirected learning

Question 14

routes of admin

Answer 14

• inhalation
• ingestion
• injection
• insufflation

Question 15

inhalation

Answer 15

• 7-10 sec on-set
• 2-4 hrs duration
• 5-99% bioavailability
• shortest path to brain
• no first pass metabolism
• huge surface area for absorption

Question 16

ingestion

Answer 16

• 20-45 min on-set
• 6+ hrs duration
• 5-99% bioavailability
• stomach pH can alter chemistry
• first pass metabolism

Question 17

injection

Answer 17

• 10-20 sec onset
• 2-4 hrs duration
• 100% bioavailability
• 2nd shortest path to brain
• no first pass metabolism
• veins can eventually collapse

Question 18

insufflation

Answer 18

• 10-45 min on-set
• 5-8 hrs duration
• up to 80% bioavailability
• longer pathway to brain
• no first pass metabolism

Question 19

therapeutic index (TI)

Answer 19

50% of lethal dose (LD50) / 50% of effective dose (ED50)

Question 20

synergism

Answer 20

drugs that work together to amplify effect

Question 21

antagonism

Answer 21

drugs that interfere with each other’s effects

Question 22

half-life

Answer 22

time to remove 50% of concentration of drug from circulation

Question 23

zero-order kinetics

Answer 23

• straight line, therefore drug is expelled in same amount

Question 24

first-order kinetics

Answer 24

• curve, therefore drug is expelled 1/2 each time, or 1/4, etc.