8-A Flashcards
The human skeletal system is composed of
bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
Skeleton makes up of how many percent of mass
20% mass
Skeleton 2 parts
Axial
Appendicular
What is the axial part
consists of bones arranged
along the longitudinal axis.
The parts of the axial skeleton
are the skull, auditory ossicles
(ear bones), hyoid bone,
vertebral column, sternum,
and ribs.
What is the appendicular skeleton?
consists of the bones of the
girdles and the upper and lower
limbs (extremities). The parts of
the appendicular skeleton are
the pectoral (shoulder) girdles,
bones of the upper limbs, pelvic
(hip) girdles, and bones of the
lower limbs.
is the bone’s shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.
Diaphysis
the proximal and distal ends of the bone
Epiphysis
the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses
Metaphysis
a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone.
Articular cartilage
a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults.
Medullary cavity
the part of the
epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone.
Articular cartilage
a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that
surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.
Periosteum
Structure of the bone
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
Periosteum
Articular Cartilage
The extracellular matrix is about ___% water, __% collagen fibers, and ___% crystallized mineral salts.
15% Water
30% Collagen Fibers
55% Crystallized mineral salts
Four types of cell present in the bone tissue
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteoprogenitor cells
Unspecialized bone stem cells
derived from mesenchyme, the
tissue from which almost all
connective tissues are formed.
Osteoprogenitor cells
bone-building cells
synthesize and secrete collagen fibers
and other organic components
needed to build the extracellular
matrix of bone tissue
Osteoblasts
mature bone cells are the
main cells in bone tissue and
maintain its daily
metabolism.
Osteocytes
are huge cells derived from the fusion of
as many as 50 monocytes and are
concentrated in the endosteum
bone-destroying cells
Osteoclasts
Two types of bone tissue
Compact bone tissue
Soft bone tissue
the strongest form of bone tissue
Compact bone tissue
lies over spongy bone tissue in the epiphyses and makes up most of the bone tissue of the
diaphysis
Compact bone tissue
does not contain osteons
Soft bone tissue
What is Osteon
Formation of mature bone cells
What is the mature bone cell
Osteocytes
provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement
Compact bone tissue
composed of repeating structural units called osteons
Compact bone tissue
consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called
trabeculae
Soft bone tissue
forms most of the structure of short, flat, and irregular bones, and the interior of the
epiphyses in long bones
Soft bone tissue
have greater length than width, consist of a shaft and a variable number
of extremities or epiphyses, and are slightly curved for strength
Long Bones
are small bones located in sutures (joints) between certain cranial bones
Short bones
Long bones is composed of?
consist mostly of compact bone tissue in their diaphysis but considerable amounts of spongy bone tissue in their epiphyses.
short bones is composed of?
they consist of spongy bone tissue except at the surface, which has a
thin layer of compact bone tissue
generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone
tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue.
Flat Bone
Types of bone
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Sesamoid bone
Irregular bones
Sutural bones
Its main function is for posture, stability, balance, and protects internal organs
Axial bone
Its main function is for locomotion, digital manipulation and etc.
Appendicular bone
Axial bone is composed of?
80 bones
Appendicular bone is composed of?
126 bones
Structure of Axial bones
Skull
Hyoid
Auditory Ausicles
Vertebral Column
Thorax or Thoracic Skeleton
Sternum
Ribs
Structure of Axial bones
Skull
Hyoid
Auditory Ausicles
Vertebral Column
Thorax or Thoracic Skeleton
Sternum
Ribs
2 Categories of skull
Cranial bones
Facial bone
Bone framework of the head that contains 22 bones
Skull
form the cranial cavity, which encloses and protects the brain
Cranial bone
houses and protects the sense organs of smell, sight, and taste; and
provide a frame on which the soft tissues of the face can act to
facilitate eating, facial expression, breathing, and speech.
Facial bones
a U-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone
Hyoid bones
three bones in either middle ear that are among the
smallest bones in the human body:
Malleus
Stapes
Incus
also called the spine, backbone, or spinal column
Vertebral Column
C1-C7
Cervical Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
T1-T12
Lumbar Vertebrae
L1-L5
Sacrum
S1-S5
Coccyx
CO1-CO4
refers to the entire chest region
Thorax
is a bony enclosure formed by the sternum, ribs and their
costal cartilages, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae
Thoracic cage
a flat, narrow bone located in the center of the anterior
thoracic wall that measures about 15 cm (6 in)
Sternum
a flat, narrow bone located in the center of the anterior
thoracic wall that measures about 15 cm (6 in)
Sternum
Parts of the Sternum
- Manubrium,
2. Body 3. Xiphoid process
gives structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity.
Ribs
How many bone pairs in Ribs?
12 pairs
What are the 3 types of ribs
True Ribs
False Ribs
Floating ribs
Rib pairs of True ribs
1-7
Rib pairs of False Ribs
8-12
Rib pairs of Floating ribs
11-12
True ribs is also called as?
also called vertebro-sternal ribs.
False Ribs is also called as?
vertebro-chondral ribs.
Why is it called false ribs?
Because these 8-12 pairs of ribs did not attached to the sternum
What are the structure of Appendicular Skeleton?
Pectoral
Upper Limbs
Pelvic
Lower Limbs
attach the 2 pectoral girdles bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
Pectoral
WHat are the 2 pectoral girdles
Clavicle
Scapula
The region of the shoulder to the fingertips, each of the two upper
limbs (extremities)
Upper limbs
How many bones are in Upper limbs?
30 bones
The longest bone in largest bone of the upper limbs
Humerus
Parts of Upper limbs
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
How many carpals are located in the proximal region of
each hand.
8 carpals
How many metacarpals are located in the proximal region of
each hand.
5 metacarpals
How many phalanges are located in the proximal region of
each hand.
14 phalanges
the smaller bone of the forearm and is located on the
lateral aspect of the forearm.
Radius
3 bones consist of pelvic
Ischium
Pubis
Ilium
The superior bone of the pelvic bone
Ilium
the inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone.
Ischium
Location of pubis
the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone.
how many bones are there in Lower limbs
30 bones
There are 28 bones in lower limbs T or F
False
Parts of Lower limbs
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Phalanges
What is Diarthrosis
Freely movable joint
Superior movement of body part.
Elevation
Bending foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface)
Dorsiflexion
Anterior movement of body part in transverse plane.
Protraction
Bending foot in direction of plantar surface (sole).
Plantar Flexion
Movement of forearm that turns palm posteriorly
Pronation
Posterior movement of body part in transverse plane
Retraction
Movement of the forearm that turns palm anteriorly.
Supination
a break, usually in a bone.
Fracture
The broken ends of the bone protrude to the skin
Open or Compound Fracture
The bone is splintered, crushed,
or broken into pieces at the site
of impact, and smaller bone
fragments lie between the two
main fragments.
Comminuted
A partial fracture in which one
side of the bone is broken and
the other side bends; similar to
the waya green twig breaks on
one side while the other side
stays whole, but bends; occurs
only in children, whose bones
are not fully ossified and contain
more organic material than
inorganic material
Greenstick
One end of the fractured bone is
forcefully driven into the interior
of the other.
Impacted
Fracture of the distal end of the
lateral leg bone (fibula), with
serious injury of the distal tibial
articulation.
Pott
