8-A Flashcards by Jessa Lou Macaranas

The human skeletal system is composed of

bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

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Skeleton makes up of how many percent of mass

20% mass

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Skeleton 2 parts

Axial
Appendicular

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What is the axial part

consists of bones arranged
along the longitudinal axis.
The parts of the axial skeleton
are the skull, auditory ossicles
(ear bones), hyoid bone,
vertebral column, sternum,
and ribs.

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What is the appendicular skeleton?

consists of the bones of the
girdles and the upper and lower
limbs (extremities). The parts of
the appendicular skeleton are
the pectoral (shoulder) girdles,
bones of the upper limbs, pelvic
(hip) girdles, and bones of the
lower limbs.

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is the bone’s shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.

Diaphysis

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the proximal and distal ends of the bone

Epiphysis

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the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses

Metaphysis

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a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone.

Articular cartilage

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a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults.

Medullary cavity

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the part of the
epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone.

Articular cartilage

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a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that
surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.

Periosteum

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Structure of the bone

Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
Periosteum
Articular Cartilage

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The extracellular matrix is about ___% water, __% collagen fibers, and ___% crystallized mineral salts.

15% Water
30% Collagen Fibers
55% Crystallized mineral salts

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Four types of cell present in the bone tissue

Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteoprogenitor cells

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Unspecialized bone stem cells
derived from mesenchyme, the
tissue from which almost all
connective tissues are formed.

Osteoprogenitor cells

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bone-building cells
synthesize and secrete collagen fibers
and other organic components
needed to build the extracellular
matrix of bone tissue

Osteoblasts

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mature bone cells are the
main cells in bone tissue and
maintain its daily
metabolism.

Osteocytes

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are huge cells derived from the fusion of
as many as 50 monocytes and are
concentrated in the endosteum

bone-destroying cells

Osteoclasts

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Two types of bone tissue

Compact bone tissue
Soft bone tissue

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the strongest form of bone tissue

Compact bone tissue

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lies over spongy bone tissue in the epiphyses and makes up most of the bone tissue of the
diaphysis

Compact bone tissue

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does not contain osteons

Soft bone tissue

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What is Osteon

Formation of mature bone cells

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What is the mature bone cell

Osteocytes

provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement

Compact bone tissue

composed of repeating structural units called osteons

Compact bone tissue

consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called trabeculae

Soft bone tissue

forms most of the structure of short, flat, and irregular bones, and the interior of the epiphyses in long bones

Soft bone tissue

have greater length than width, consist of a shaft and a variable number of extremities or epiphyses, and are slightly curved for strength

Long Bones

are small bones located in sutures (joints) between certain cranial bones

Short bones

Long bones is composed of?

consist mostly of compact bone tissue in their diaphysis but considerable amounts of spongy bone tissue in their epiphyses.

short bones is composed of?

they consist of spongy bone tissue except at the surface, which has a thin layer of compact bone tissue

generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue.

Flat Bone

Types of bone

Long bone Short bone Flat bone Sesamoid bone Irregular bones Sutural bones

Its main function is for posture, stability, balance, and protects internal organs

Axial bone

Its main function is for locomotion, digital manipulation and etc.

Appendicular bone

Axial bone is composed of?

80 bones

Appendicular bone is composed of?

126 bones

Structure of Axial bones

Skull Hyoid Auditory Ausicles Vertebral Column Thorax or Thoracic Skeleton Sternum Ribs

Structure of Axial bones

Skull Hyoid Auditory Ausicles Vertebral Column Thorax or Thoracic Skeleton Sternum Ribs

2 Categories of skull

Cranial bones Facial bone

Bone framework of the head that contains 22 bones

Skull

form the cranial cavity, which encloses and protects the brain

Cranial bone

houses and protects the sense organs of smell, sight, and taste; and provide a frame on which the soft tissues of the face can act to facilitate eating, facial expression, breathing, and speech.

Facial bones

a U-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone

Hyoid bones

three bones in either middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body:

Malleus Stapes Incus

also called the spine, backbone, or spinal column

Vertebral Column

C1-C7

Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

T1-T12

Lumbar Vertebrae

L1-L5

Sacrum

S1-S5

Coccyx

CO1-CO4

refers to the entire chest region

Thorax

is a bony enclosure formed by the sternum, ribs and their costal cartilages, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

Thoracic cage

a flat, narrow bone located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall that measures about 15 cm (6 in)

Sternum

a flat, narrow bone located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall that measures about 15 cm (6 in)

Sternum

Parts of the Sternum

1. Manubrium, 2. Body 3. Xiphoid process

gives structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity.

Ribs

How many bone pairs in Ribs?

12 pairs

What are the 3 types of ribs

True Ribs False Ribs Floating ribs

Rib pairs of True ribs

1-7

Rib pairs of False Ribs

8-12

Rib pairs of Floating ribs

11-12

True ribs is also called as?

also called vertebro-sternal ribs.

False Ribs is also called as?

vertebro-chondral ribs.

Why is it called false ribs?

Because these 8-12 pairs of ribs did not attached to the sternum

What are the structure of Appendicular Skeleton?

Pectoral Upper Limbs Pelvic Lower Limbs

attach the 2 pectoral girdles bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

Pectoral

WHat are the 2 pectoral girdles

Clavicle Scapula

The region of the shoulder to the fingertips, each of the two upper limbs (extremities)

Upper limbs

How many bones are in Upper limbs?

30 bones

The longest bone in largest bone of the upper limbs

Humerus

Parts of Upper limbs

Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

How many carpals are located in the proximal region of each hand.

8 carpals

How many metacarpals are located in the proximal region of each hand.

5 metacarpals

How many phalanges are located in the proximal region of each hand.

14 phalanges

the smaller bone of the forearm and is located on the lateral aspect of the forearm.

Radius

3 bones consist of pelvic

Ischium Pubis Ilium

The superior bone of the pelvic bone

Ilium

the inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone.

Ischium

Location of pubis

the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone.

how many bones are there in Lower limbs

30 bones

There are 28 bones in lower limbs T or F

False

Parts of Lower limbs

Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsal Metatarsal Phalanges

What is Diarthrosis

Freely movable joint

Superior movement of body part.

Elevation

Bending foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface)

Dorsiflexion

Anterior movement of body part in transverse plane.

Protraction

Bending foot in direction of plantar surface (sole).

Plantar Flexion

Movement of forearm that turns palm posteriorly

Pronation

Posterior movement of body part in transverse plane

Retraction

Movement of the forearm that turns palm anteriorly.

Supination

a break, usually in a bone.

Fracture

The broken ends of the bone protrude to the skin

Open or Compound Fracture

The bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments.

Comminuted

A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; similar to the waya green twig breaks on one side while the other side stays whole, but bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material

Greenstick

One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other.

Impacted

Fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation.

Pott