Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

_MS2 HemeOnc > 8/5- Iron Metabolism, Iron Deficiency and Iron Overload > Flashcards

8/5- Iron Metabolism, Iron Deficiency and Iron Overload Flashcards

1
Q

Iron is a key component in what?

A

Hemoglobin & Myoglobin

Cytochromes

NADH dehydrogenase

Lipoxygenases

Superoxide dismutase

Ribonucleotide reductase

Fatty acid desaturases

Phosphatases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Iron functions in what processes?

A

Oxygen transport & storage

Energy generation

Prostaglandin/prostacyclin

Free radical detoxification

Synthesis of DNA

Synthesis of “liquid”

FA Signal transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some problems in iron metabolism? Solutions?

A
  • Ferric iron (3+) is insoluble at neutral pH
  • Ferrous iron (2+) is soluble but reactive

Solutions: Most iron in the body is bound to protein or porphyrin

  • Intracellular: ferritin
  • Circulation: transferrin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Total body Fe is how much?

  • RBCs
  • Bound to transferrin:
  • Remainder is found where
A

Total body iron: 3,000-4,000 mg

  • RBCs: 2,000- 3,000 mg
  • Bound to transferrin: 2-3 mg
  • Remainder: macrophages and heptaocytes; stored as cytoplasmic ferritin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Daily iron losses (amounts and methods)?

A

Daily iron losses = 1-2 mg/day

  • Desquamation of intestine/skin
  • Menstruation/minor bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the iron requirement for daily erythropoiesis?

A

20 mg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Regulation of iron uptake is done via what?

A

Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are daily dietary iron needs for men? Menstruating women?

How much is absorbed?

A
  • Men: 8 mg/day
  • Menstruating women: 18 mg/day

Absorb 1-2 mg iron/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is iron strictly conserved (what cells)?

A

Strict conservation of Fe by scavenging RBCs:

  • 20-25 mg of iron/day
  • Plasma iron turns over ~ every 2 hrs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some problems from iron deficiency?

A
  • Anemia
  • Decreased muscle performance
  • Maintenance of epithelia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some problems from iron excess?

A

Toxic to liver, heart, and endocrine organs

(Limiting iron controls microbial proliferation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where in the body is (dietary) iron absorbed?

How much?

A

Duodenum; 1-2 mg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What transporter is respsponsible for absorbing iron in the duodenum?

A

DMT1 (Divalent metal transporter 1)

((May also transport zinc; too much zinc may limit iron transport/uptake))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Erythroid precursors have what receptors relevant to iron?

A

Transferrin receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hepatocytes have what receptors relevant to iron?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Iron uptake/storage process in macrophage?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hepcidin?

  • Made by what cells
A

Negative regulator of iron absorption in duodenum and release from macrophages

  • 25 AA peptide
  • Synthesized by hepatocyte
  • Increased in inflammatory states (thus, decreased levels of iron in the bloodstream)

Decreased levels (from lower absorption and release from macrophages and the resultant low iron levels in the blood helps prevent the growth of microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are relative hepcidin levels in the following states:

  • Inflammation:
  • Anemia/hypoxia:
  • Iron excess:
A

Relative hepcidin levels in the following states:

  • Inflammation: increased
  • Anemia/hypoxia: decreased
  • Iron excess: increased
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the liver regulate hepcidin production/synthesis?

A
  • IL-6 (inflammatory marker) binds to receptor to increase hepcidin synthesis
  • Iron sensing mechanism involves transferrin receptors 1/2 that signal nucleus for hepcidin synthesis/inhibition
  • Baseline iron absorption involves BMP and HJV receptors; more complex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inherited iron overload states are due to what?

A

Hepcidin deficiency or hepcidin resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the most common form of inherited iron overload?

  • Gene
  • Inheritance pattern
  • Mechanism
A

Type 1 or “Classic” iron overload

  • HFE gene
  • Autosomal recessive
  • Low hepcidin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Basic genes/inheritance/mechanism for other inherited iron overload states?

Type 2/JH

Type 3/Tfr2

Type 4 Classical nonsclassical

A

Type 2/JH

  • HJV gene
  • AR
  • Reduced HAMP activation

Type 3/Tfr2

  • TfR2
  • AR
  • ?iron sensing

Type 4 Classical nonsclassical

  • SLC40A1
  • AD
  • Reduce Fe export from macrophages; hepcidin resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Back to classic Hemachromatosis (type 1):

  • Mutations in what genes:
  • Demographics
  • Hepcidin levels
  • Penetrance
  • Phenotypic expression affected by
A
  • Mutations in the HFE gene or gene for TfR2
  • 1/200 Northern Europeans and 1/250 of the general population are homozygotes
  • Hepcidin is detectable but lower than normal
  • Not highly penetrant; affects males > females
  • Increased phenotypic expression correlated with male sex and alcohol intake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is juvenile hemochromatosis?

  • Mutations in what genes
  • Hepcidin levels
  • Penetrance
  • Associations
A
  • Mutations in Hemojuvelin gene (HJV) or Hepcidin gene (HAMP)
  • Little or no hepcidin detectable
  • Highly penetrant; affects males = females
  • Endocrinopathies and cardiomyopathies develop in late childhood/early adulthood
25
Q

What are some secondary iron overload syndromes?

A
26
Q

What is beta thalassemia?

A
  • Because of the erythropoietic signal, iron overload develops even in the absence of transfusion
  • The erythropoeitic signal “trumps” iron overload and lowers serum hepcidin
  • Tissue Iron Loading may be influenced by Hepcidin concentration with low levels favoring parenchymal cells and high levels favoring macrophages
  • Iron Overload best treated with Chelators
27
Q

What are some clinical effects of iron overload? (tissue-level, broadly)

A

Iron is toxic to tissues:

  • Lipid peroxidation
  • Increased collagen formation
  • Interaction of ROS, iron, and DNA

Affects:

  • Liver
  • Endocrine
  • Joint
  • Cardiac
  • Skin
  • Cancer
28
Q

Affects of iron overload on liver?

A

Cirrhosis (does not reverse with phlebotomy)

29
Q

Affects of iron overload on endocrine?

A
  • Diabetes (may improve with phlebotomy)
  • Hypogonadism due to pituitary, hypothalamic, or gonadal dysfunction
30
Q

Affects of iron overload on joint?

A
  • Predilection for 2nd, 3rd metacarpal joints
  • Pain, stiffness, bony enlargement
  • Osteoporosis relatively common due in part to (hypogonadism)
31
Q

Affects of iron overload on cardiac?

A
  • Restrictive and Dilated Cardiomyopathy
  • Arrhythmias and Heart Failure
  • Reversal can occur with phlebotomy
32
Q

Affects of iron overload on skin?

A

Increased pigmentation (in sun-exposed areas)- bronze or slate gray)

33
Q

Affects of iron overload on cancer?

A
  • Increased risk of liver cancer
  • Alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, age increase risk
34
Q

Algorithm for management of iron overload?

(Don’t need to memorize)

A
35
Q

What does this show?

A

Hereditary hemochromatosis (liver biopsy)

  • Hepatocellualr deposition is blue in this Prussian blue-stained section of early stage (parenchymal architecture is normal)
36
Q

Treatment for iron overload?

A

Phlebotomy*

  • Women with SF under 200 mg/L or men under 300 mg/L do not need treatment
  • 1-2 times/wk until SF is under 50 mg/L
  • Maintenance 2-4 times/yr

Dietary modification

  • Avoid iron supplements, vitamin C, red meat

Screening adult siblings of pt with hemochromatosis

Liver transplant (if so much cirrhosis and liver damage from iron overload)

*Remember that hepcidin concentrations are subject to iron levels, so eventually with phlebotomy, iron deficiency will lower hepcidin even more

37
Q

Epidemiology of iron deficiency:

  • Worldwide
  • Genetics
  • US by gender/age
A
  • Worldwide, iron deficiency is the most common iron disorder; ~3 billion people are affected worldwide
  • Genetics may modulate susceptibility to iron deficiency
  • USA: toddlers (3%), teenage girls (2-5%), women of childbearing age
38
Q

Causes of Iron Deficiency?

A
39
Q

What are some GI causes of iron deficiency?

A
  • Hemorrhagic telangiectasia
  • Esophageal: ulcer/erosion, cancer, Mallory-Weiss tear, varices
  • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Liver disease
  • Agiodysplasia
  • Diverticular disease
  • Meckel’s diverticulum
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Colorectal cancer
  • Hemorrhoids
40
Q

Clinical manifestations of iron deficiency?

A
  • Pallor, fatigue, exercise intolerance
  • Cardiomegaly
  • Pica: craving of non-nutritive substances (e.g. ice, corn starch, chalk, clay)
  • Impaired psychomotor development, cognitive impairment
  • Defects in leukocyte/lymphocyte function
  • Plummer Vinson syndrome- triad of koilonychia, atrophic glossitis, esophageal web
  • Cerebral vein thrombosis
41
Q

What is this?

A

Koilonychia- typical “spoon nails”

  • caused by iron deficiency
42
Q

What is this?

A

Angular cheilosis- fissuring and ulceration fo the corner of the mouth

  • caused by iron deficiency
43
Q

What is this?

A

Paterson-Kelly (Plummer-Vinson) syndrome: barium swallow X-ray showing a filling defect caused by a postcricoid web

  • caused by iron deficiency
44
Q

Lab findings in iron deficiency?

A
  • Low hemoglobin/hematocrit
  • Low MCV (microcytosis), MCH
  • Low reticulocyte count
  • Peripheral smear: microcytic, hypochromic anemia; anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, cigar-shaped/pencil cells
  • Thrombocytosis (more commonly; body trying to stop bleeding, perhaps)
  • Thrombocytopenia (less commonly)
  • Low serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation; high serum transferrin, TIBC
45
Q

What is this?

A

Normal peripheral smear

  • Can see lymphocyte (RBC about the size of the lymphocyte nucleus)
46
Q

What is this?

A

Iron deficiency anemia seen on peripheral smear

  • Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
47
Q

Diagnosis of iron deficiency?

A
  • CBC, reticulocyte count, peripheral smear
  • Therapeutic trial
  • Complete evaluation: iron panel (serum iron, ferritin, TIBC, transferrin saturation)
  • Other tests: Erythrocyte protoporphyrin, serum transferrin receptor, reticulocyte hemoglobin content (rarely used)
  • Screening for lead poisoning, stool occult blood

**Iron deficiency in an Adult Male or a Postmenopausal Woman is GI loss unless proven otherwise**

48
Q

Treatment for iron deficiency (broad categories)?

A
  • Oral therapy
  • Parenteral iron
  • Blood transfusion
49
Q

Oral therapy for iron deficiency?

A
  • Ferrous sulfate: 4-6 mg/kg/day of elemental iron, in 2-3 daily doses, in between meals, preferably with juice (with vitamin C)
  • Adults this is Ferrous Sulfate 325 mg 3x/day
  • Iron preparations may cause nausea, constipation, rarely diarrhea
  • Treat until hemoglobin normalizes for additional 2-3 months to supplement body iron stores
50
Q

Parenteral iron for iron deficiency:

  • When used
  • Side effects
  • Preparations
A

Use when: severe anemia

  • Intolerance to oral supplements
  • Malabsorption, poor compliance, dialysis pts

Side effects: anaphylaxis

Various preparations:

  • Iron dextran (high and low MW)
  • Ferric gluconate
  • Iron sucrose
51
Q

Blood transfusion for iron deficiency

  • When used
  • Method of infusion
A

Do when Hb is < 5 gm/dL or in the presence of cardiac failure

  • Infuse slowly
  • Follow-up with oral iron
52
Q

What conditions/diseases may cause anemia of inflammation?

A
  • Rheumatologic disorders
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • Infections
  • Cancer
53
Q

Classic results from anemia of inflammation (types of anemia and reactions to therapy)?

  • Hepcidin levels
  • Treatment
A
  • Mild/moderate anemia
  • Normocytic (though sometimes microcytic)
  • Resistant to iron therapy
  • Hepcidin increases are transient
  • Treatment rests on treating underlying disease
54
Q

Mechanism underlying anemia of inflammation (biochem)?

A
  • Decreased release of iron from macrophages to plasma
  • Decreased absorption of iron in the gut
  • Hepcidin induced by cytokines, released from liver, decreases release of iron from macrophages
  • Reduced RBC life span
  • Inadequate erythropoietin response to anemia due to the effects of IL-1, TNF, g interferon
55
Q

What is this showing?

A

Anemia of chronic inflammation

56
Q

How are the following affected in Iron deficiency anemia vs. Anemia of chronic disease?

A
57
Q

What causes anemia of chronic kidney disease?

A
  • Historically attributed to decreased EPO (made by kidney)
  • But many pts require supratherapeutic doses of EPO to maintain their hematocrit
  • Now thought that decreased clearance of hepcidin restricts iron availability
  • Inflammation from HD itself may increase hepcidin levels and make matters worse
58
Q

For the future…

A

_MS2 HemeOnc (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions