8/17- Lymphoproliferative Disorders II: DLBCL, T-cell Lymphomas, Hodgkin's Flashcards
What are indolent subtypes of T-cell lymphoma?
Cutaneous T- cell lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides)
Characteristics of Mycosis Fungoides
- Cells involved
- Organ/location
- Treatment
- Forms
- Malignancy of CD4+ T cells
- Affinity for skin (often diagnosed for years with cirriasis)
Can be treated with:
- XRT
- UV light
- Topical or systemic chemotherapy agents
Leukemic form is known as Sézary syndrome
- Convoluted (“cerebriform”) nuclei are characteristic
What is this?
Mycosis Fungoides
What is this?
Mycosis Fungoides
What is this?
Mycosis Fungoides
What are aggressive subtypes of T-cell lymphoma?
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Characteristics of anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma?
- Genetics
- Prognosis
- Cell markers
- Organs/cells involved
- 1/3 have t(2;5), which correlates with expression of ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase); excellent prognosis
- CD30 positive
- Skin often involved
What are highly aggressive subtypes of T-cell lymphoma?
- Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/Leukemia
- Adult T cell Lymphoma/Leukemia
Characteristics of Lymphoblastic Lymphoma?
- Cells involved
- Specific populations affected
- Variant of what
- Prognosis
- Usually a T cell malignancy
- Male adolescents
- Mediastinal mass
- Lymphoma variant of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
- Prognosis improving with intensive ALL regimens
What is this?
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma?
What is this?
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
- Characteristic flower cells (mature CD4+)
Characteristics of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma?
- Associations
- Epidemiology
- Associated with HTLV-I infection
- Japan, Caribbean
- Frequent hypercalcemia
- Cells (flower cells) are mature CD4+
Characteristics of Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)?
- Previously called Hodgkin’s disease
- 7x LESS common than non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Highly treatable and curable, even when disseminated
- Presence of Reed-Sternberg cell is necessary to make diagnosis of classic HL
Etiology of Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Reed-Sternberg cells are the malignant cells (LP cells in non-classic HL)
- Minor population in the malignant tissues (under 2%)
- Many normal lymphocytes, eosinophils, other cells Cell of origin is B cell
Some R-S cells contain EBV genomes (especially in mixed cellularity disease)
Majority of cases do not have clear etiology
What is this? What cell markers are present?
Reed-Sternberg Cell
- CD15+
- CD30+
- CD20+ in up to 1/3, but negative for other B cell antigens
What are these showing (left vs. right)
Left: R-S cell
Right: LP (L and H) cell
Subtypes of Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (95% of cases):
- Nodular sclerosis
- Mixed cellularity
- Lymphocyte predominant
- Lymphocyte depleted
Non-classic Hodgkin lymphoma (5% of cases):
- Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
Histologic subtype of classic HL does not determine how the disease is treated (stage is most important)
What determines how HL is treated?
Stage, NOT histological subtype (classic vs. non-classic)
Epideimology of Hodgkin Lymphoma?
- Bimodal distribution in developed countries (young adulthood and > 50 yo)
- More common in affluent families with few siblings
- In developing countries, more common in young children
Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkin Lymphoma?
- Lymph node enlargement, usually cervical or mediastinal
- Systemic B symptoms common
- Pel-Ebstein fever (relapsing, high-grade fever that can reach 105-106°F, periodicity of 7-10 days, abrupt in onset and resolution)
- Pruritus
- Pain on drinking alcohol (where the disease is located, e.g. lymph node in neck)
Other Clinical Features:
- T cell mediated immune deficiency, even in early stage disease (and may persist even after lymphoma is cured), so prone to infections:
—-Herpes zoster (“shingles”) in 1/4
—-Fungal or mycobacterial infections
- Predictable contiguous spread of disease (though to be thru lymph system rather than hematogenous)
—-Cervical nodes -> mediastinum or axilla
—-Mediastinum to periaortic nodes or spleen, etc. (This is the basis for staging and treatment options)
Diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Requires excisional biposy of LN (like all lymphomas)
- Fine needle aspirate is NOT sufficient to make the dx; architecture of node is important (and to see subtype/differentiate from others)
Staging of Hodgkin Lymphoma
Basically the same as NHL:
- H+P, labs, CT scans, BM biopsy
PLUS:
- PET (or Gallium) scan
- Lymphangiogram or staging laparotomy ONLY if results would affect treatment decisions
Treatment of Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Controversial, especially for early stages
- In general, XRT alone is reserved for very favorable early stage disease (IA, upper neck)
Otherwise, trend nowadays is:
- Early stage (I/II): Chemotherapy + XRT
- Advanced stage (III/IV): Chemotherapy ± XRT (bulky disease sites)
Number of cycles, type of chemotherapy and radiation dose depends on staging specifics
Chemotherapy regimens for Hodgkin Lymphoma?
ABVD (current standard)
- Adriamycin
- Bleomycin
- Vinblastine
- Dacarbazine
BEACOPP (advanced stage w/ risk factors)
- Etoposide
- Cyclophosphamide
Brentuximab (for recurrent disease)
- Anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody
What is the prognosis for Hodgkin Lymphoma?
- One of the best survivals of lymphomas
- Often, pts who relapse after radiotherapy can be cured by salvage chemotherapy
(Quoted cure rates by stage:
- IA: 95%
- IIA: 85%
- IB/IIB: 70%
- IIIA: 70%
- IIB/IV: 50%)
What is a late complication of Hodgkin Lymphoma?
High incidence of second malignancies (leukemia first 10 yrs, solid tumors over time)
- Leukemia in pts receiving alkylating agents or combined chemo/XRT
- Lung cancer and breast cancer in pts receiving XRT to chest (lung cancer especially high in smokers)
- Hypothyroidism after irradiation of the neck
- Constrictive pericarditis after radiotherapy to the mediastinum
- Infertility after use of alkylating agents
- Heart failure after Adriamycin treatment
So focus is on minimizing amount of therapy without compromising immediate outcomes
Which of the following findings is usually not associated with non-Hodgkin lymphomas at presentation?
A. Anemia
B. Fever
C. Leukopenia
D. Lymphadenopathy
E. Weight loss
Which of the following findings is usually not associated with non-Hodgkin lymphomas at presentation?
A. Anemia
B. Fever
C. Leukopenia
D. Lymphadenopathy
E. Weight loss
Leukopenia is really not (neutropenia may occur with involvement in BM, but then you will see circulating lymphocytes and then lymphocytosis…)
Which of the following stage III lymphomas is more likely to be curable with chemotherapy?
A. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
B. Follicular lymphoma
C. Marginal zone lymphoma
D. Small lymphocytic lymphoma
Which of the following stage III lymphomas is more likely to be curable with chemotherapy?
A. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
B. Follicular lymphoma
C. Marginal zone lymphoma
D. Small lymphocytic lymphoma
Choices B-D are indolent lymphomas; the aggressive lymphomas are the ones we can typically cure just with chemotherapy?
Which of the following lymphomas is expected to be CD4 positive?
A. Burkitt lymphoma
B. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
C. Follicular lymphoma
D. Hodgkin lymphoma
E. Mycosis fungoides
Which of the following lymphomas is expected to be CD4 positive?
A. Burkitt lymphoma
B. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
C. Follicular lymphoma
D. Hodgkin lymphoma
E. Mycosis fungoides
Mycosis fungodes is a T cell lymphoma while the others are B cell lymphomas
The following associations between a specific lymphoma type and microorganism are correct EXCEPT:
A. Adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma and human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1)
B. Burkitt lymphomas and EBV
C. Hodgkin lymphoma and Parvovirus B19
D. Marginal zone lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori
The following associations between a specific lymphoma type and microorganism are correct EXCEPT:
A. Adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma and human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1)
B. Burkitt lymphomas and EBV
C. Hodgkin lymphoma and Parvovirus B19
D. Marginal zone lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori
Parvovirus B19 is associated with aplastic crisis because it causes red blood cell aplasia
A 70 yo male presents with generalized lymphadenopthy and leukocytosis. he is otherwise asymptomatic. His peripheral blood smear is shown (lymphocytes same size as RBC; can see smudge cell).
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. ALL
B. AML
C. CLL
D. CML
Does this pt need treatment?
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. ALL
B. AML
C. CLL
D. CML
Does this pt need treatment?
No. This pt does not need treatment (asymptomatic and elderly)
A 65 yo male presents w/ fatigue, generalized lymphadenopathy and mild normocytic anemia. he is otherwise asymptomatic. An excisional biopsy of a cervical LN was done (can see germinal center-like structures).
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. ALL
B. CLL
C. DLBCL- Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
D. Follicular lymphoma
Does this pt need treatment?
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. ALL
B. CLL
C. DLBCL- Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
D. Follicular lymphoma
Does this pt need treatment?
Maybe. Treatment would depend on whether you can find a reason for him to be fatigued (shouldn’t be caused by just mild anemia). No pressing reason to treat
A 55 yo male presents w/ 2 mo Hx of progressively increasing L cervical LNs. He does not smoke. A fine needle aspirate of a cervical LN is reading as showing “malignant B lymphocytes consistent with NHL”.
What should be the next step in the mgmt of this pt?
A. Do an emergent CT scan of the neck with contrast
B. Do an emergent PET scan of the whole body
C. Obtain and excisional biopsy of a L cervical node
D. Start chemotherapy with R-CHOP
E. Start chemotherapy with ABVD
What should be the next step in the mgmt of this pt?
A. Do an emergent CT scan of the neck with contrast
B. Do an emergent PET scan of the whole body
C. Obtain and excisional biopsy of a L cervical node
D. Start chemotherapy with R-CHOP
E. Start chemotherapy with ABVD
Adequate pathology is important; emergent scan not needed
Which of the following therapeutic approaches is LESS likely to be useful in the treatment of a pt with biopsy-proven, symptomatic stage II anaplastic large cell lymphoma?
A. multi-agent chemotherapy
B. Radiation therapy
C. Combined modality therapy (chemo + radiation)
D. Surgical resection of affected LNs
Which of the following therapeutic approaches is LESS likely to be useful in the treatment of a pt with biopsy-proven, symptomatic stage II anaplastic large cell lymphoma?
A. multi-agent chemotherapy
B. Radiation therapy
C. Combined modality therapy (chemo + radiation)
D. Surgical resection of affected LNs
A 30 yo female present with 40 lb weight loss and recurrent fever over the previous 6 mo. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy are done as part of a workup for fever of unknown origin. The pathologist calls you saying that the pt has classic Hodgkin lymphomas.
What large cells did she see under the microscope to make this diagnosis?
Reed-Sternberg cells (owl-eye cells) (pic D)
A 22 yo male presents with a 2 mo Hx of fever, 15% weight loss and night sweats. Further evaluation reveals a large mediastinal mass. Biopsy demonstrates mixed cellularity Hodgkin Lymphoma.
Which of the following factors is the LEAST important in planning the therapy for his dz?
A. Evidence of BM involvement by lymphoma
B. Hx of B Symptoms
C. Mixed cellularity histology
D. Presence of additional areas of lymphadenopathy
E. Size of the mediastinal mass
Which of the following factors is the LEAST important in planning the therapy for his dz?
A. Evidence of BM involvement by lymphoma
B. Hx of B Symptoms
C. Mixed cellularity histology
D. Presence of additional areas of lymphadenopathy
E. Size of the mediastinal mass
Size corresponds to staging, which is what is used to determine treatment (rather than cellular histology)
