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A&P Test 1 > 8/30 class 4 > Flashcards

8/30 class 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of arachidonic sticks out of the cell wall?

A

The O double bond sticking off of the OH group

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2
Q

Where can you find arachidonic acid?

A

In the cell wall

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3
Q

Why is the part of arachidonic acid that is “sticking out” of the cell wall important?

A

Because that part is used to “pull” arachidonic acid out of the cell wall and then be used by enzymes

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4
Q

How is the total osmostic pressure generated?

A

via osmosis
water wanting to move down it’s concentration gradient

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5
Q

What is the result of the osmotic activity of all the stuff that’s dissolved in fluid that could potentially act to change pressure somewhere or have fluid shifts somewhere?

A

Total osmotic pressure

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6
Q

When is having 5,000mmHg of pressure against a wall not a bad thing?

A

When you have a similar pressure pushing against the other side of the wall.

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7
Q

Having a high pressure being exerted in the body can be especially bad where?

A

In enclosed spaces, like the CNS that is surrounded by a closed container.

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8
Q

How do you calculate the total osmotic pressure at 37c?

A

Total osmolarity or corrected osmolarity in mOsm/L X 19.3mmHg/mOsm/L

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9
Q

For each mOsm/L of “stuff” that we have dissolved in 1 kg of water, each mOsm/L can exert ______

A

19.3mmHg of pressure

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10
Q

How to calculate osmolality

A

Quantity of how much stuff you have dissolved / 1kg of water

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11
Q

What unit of measurement will we be using when discussing concentrations of things that are dissolved in solution.

A

Osm or mOsm

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12
Q

how is osmolarity different from osmolality?

A

Osmolarity is the concentration divides by 1kg of solution.
Osmolality is the total concentration divided by 1kg of water.
1 kg of water = 1 L of water
but in the blood, 1kg of blood has slightly less than 1L of water d/t the dissolved substances taking up space

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13
Q

How to Calculate osmolality

A

Quantity (in mOsm)of how much stuff you have dissolved / 1L of water

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14
Q

What is the percentage difference in osmolarity and osmolality?

A

1%

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15
Q

mOsm and mEq are similar in that they are both

A

a quantity, typically dissolved in a solution

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16
Q

How do you find a Mol of something?

A

You add the molecular weight of each element involved. This is 1 mol

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17
Q

Finding the Osmolality is _______ so we’ll be using osmolarity

A

impractical

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18
Q

In the example of the test tube with the semipermeable membrane, if we were to add 1mOsm of mercury to the left side of the tube, how high would it be raised?

A

19.3mm

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19
Q

What is one of the constant conditions that experiments like the test tube experiment is held at?

A

Sea level

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20
Q

What is keeping the left side of the test tube with the added 1mOsm of solute from raising any higher than 19.3mm?

A

Gravity

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21
Q

If you were to do the test tube experiment in zero gravity, what would happen if you only added 1 atom of solute to the left side of the tube?

A

All of the water would move to the L side of the tube

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22
Q

To sum up osmotic pressure, you could say that

A

It is the amount of force that’s generated from the movement of water down this concentration gradient through a semipermeable membrane.

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23
Q

Another way of thinking of osmotic pressure besides the water moving in mm is to think of it as

A

the amount of pressure that would have to be exerted on the top of the left side of the test tube to keep the water from rising.

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24
Q

What type of diffusion is this? What’s an example transporter?Explain what’s happening

A

Facilitated diffusion
I.e. glut transporter

Glucose binds with the receptor
confirmation change
Glucose is released on the inside of the cell

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25
Q

What type of diffusion is a glut transporter?

A

facilitated diffusion

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26
Q

Do transporters care which way molecules move through them?

A

No, the movement of molecules is based off of the concentration gradient

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27
Q

What is Vmax in relation to the facilitated diffusion graph?

A

The maximum speed at which confirmation changes can occur and therefore the max speed at which the molecule can be moved through the cell wall

28
Q

Is there a Vmax with simple diffusion? Why?

A

No, because simple diffusion doesn’t rely on the confirmation change to happen to move molecules

29
Q

What are things that effect the rate of diffusion?

A

concentration gradient
membrane (lipid) solubility
size of the particle
size of the pores
number of pores
kinetic movement (heat)
physical pressure (blood pressure at the capillary)
electrical charge
chemical gradient [c]i/o

30
Q

What expends a large portion of the energy in the body?

A

The cycling of the first degree transporters

31
Q

What is one reason why the inside of the cell is negatively charged?

A

Na+/K+ pumps OUT 3+ charges and pumps IN 2+ charges, leaving the ICF net -1

32
Q

What is meant by the “chemical” aspects of our cells?

A

electrolytes

33
Q

How does the Na+/K+ pump help regulate intracellular osmolarity?

A

Water follows Na+ out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis

34
Q

Why do sick patients in the ICU swell up?

A

They don’t have a good source of ATP so the Na+/K+ pump doesn’t work as efficiently. Na+ builds up in the cell, water follows sodium and the cell swells up.

35
Q

Where does the water come from that’s in a cell that was not put there by the water trying to correct osmolarity?

A

It “sneaks back in” through channels

36
Q

Where does the Na+ come from that is inside a cell?

A

A lot of secondary active transport processes
i.e. Na+/Ca++ exchanger
The cell wall is kind of “leaky” to Na+ at rest
Na+ can come in during action potentials

37
Q

What roles does the Na+/K+ play in membrane potential?

A

It keeps the inside of the cell net - by pulling out 3 + charges
It sets up the electrolyte gradients (140Na+ ECF vs 14 Na+ICF)

38
Q

How does the Na+/K+ pump effect calcium and other electrolyte levels?

A

It pumps Na+ which is directly related to the Ca++ maintenance processes.

39
Q

When is the inside of the cell net +?

A

For a brief period of time after the cell “turns on”

40
Q

What unit do we use to describe the charge of a cell?

A

miliVolts

41
Q

What does voltage refer to?

A

The potential difference between two places

42
Q

Why do we want the cell to go back to a net - charge after it is excited?

A

The cells have to be reset before they can work again, so they have to go back to net - to i.e. give another heart beat

43
Q

Besides the Na+/K+ pump, what can contribute to the membrane potential?

A

Distribution of proteins throughout the cell well. Proteins have a negative charge

44
Q

Where can proteins be found?

A

On the inside of the cell wall.

45
Q

What are proteins usually a part of when they are found in the cell wall?

A

signal transduction mechanisms that are important for cell-cell communication.

46
Q

What happens during an action potential?

A

Na+ floods into the cell

47
Q

What does the Nernst equation tell us?

A

How much of an effect electrolytes and their gradients have on the polarity of the cell.

“A formula that tells us what the charge would be of a cell if it were to allow an ion to move across the cell wall.”

48
Q

What is another name for the Nernst Equation/potential?

A

Equilibrium potential

49
Q

What is an EMF?

A

electromotive force or electromagnetic force in mV.
membrane potential or electrical potential.

50
Q

What is the Nernst Potential/ Equilibrium potential equation?

A

EMF=+- 61 X log (concentration inside/concentration outside)

51
Q

The Nernst Potential/ Equation potential looks at an ion as if are flowing in which direction?

A

down it’s natural gradient (so Na+ would go inside of the cell)

52
Q

If you are dealing with a cation when solving for the Nernst Potential/ Equilibrium potential, you would use the __________ 61

A

negative

53
Q

If you are dealing with a anion when solving the Nernst Potential/ Equilibrium potential, you would use the __________ 61

A

Positive

54
Q

Apply the Nernst equation to K+

A

-61 X log(120/4) = -90mV

55
Q

What is the goldman equation?

A

Nernst Potential/ Equation potential when taking into account every ion that is permeable to the cell wall, and to what degree that ion is permeable

56
Q

How many K+ channels are open in a cell at rest?

A

a lot

57
Q

What does the answer to your Nernst Potential/ Equilibrium potential tell you?

A

How negative or positive an ion would shift the INSIDE of the cell if the ion was allowed to move down it’s chemical gradient.

58
Q

Steps to draw a cell to help us with the Nernst Potential/ Equilibrium potential equation.

A

-draw your cell
-write in the concentration gradient
-which direction is that going to favor movement of the electrolyte?
-What is the charge on the electrolyte?
-How would movement of that charge effect the polarity of the cell?

59
Q

Which ions is a resting cell primarily permeable to?

A

a little permeable Na+
very permeable K+

60
Q

How much greater is a cells permeability to K+ than it is to Na+?

A

10X more permeable to K+ than Na+

61
Q

A resting cell is much more dependent on _______ to dictate the equilibrium potential than __________ because the cell is 10X more permeable to __________ than it is to ______________

A

K+
Na+
K+
Na+

62
Q

What is the overall membrane potential of the cell?

A

-80mV

63
Q

How does a cell govern if it is turned on or off?

A

At rest the cell is more permeable to K+, making the cell’s overall charge more negative. When the cell wants to be turned on, it opens up a ton of channels for other ions like Na+ and Ca++, allowing the cell to momentarily become more positive and turn on.

64
Q

What does TXA2 stand for?

A

Thromboxane A2

65
Q

Where are glut 4’s found?

A

Liver
Muscle
Fat

A&P Test 1 (5 decks)

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