8/21 exam 1 Flashcards
What should you be familiar with regarding cell organelles?
Their basic functions and role in metabolism.
What are some major metabolic pathways you should know?
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport, Oxidative Phosphorylation, etc.
What distinguishes prokaryotic organisms?
They do not have a distinct nuclear compartment for DNA.
What distinguishes eukaryotic organisms?
They house their DNA in a nucleus.
What does glycolysis produce?
ATP energy and pyruvate.
What is gluconeogenesis?
A pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules.
What does the pentose phosphate pathway produce?
NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate.
What is β-oxidation?
The breakdown of fatty acids into Acetyl-CoA.
What is the Krebs Cycle also known as?
Citric Acid cycle or TCA cycle.
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
In the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What is the role of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
Generate most of the cell’s energy.
How is pyruvate related to energy generation?
It’s converted into Acetyl-CoA for the Krebs cycle.
What are the three key regulation enzymes in glycolysis?
Hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase.
What is the net yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose?
30-32 molecules of ATP.
What process involves the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?
Aerobic respiration.
What is the role of the liver in metabolism?
Regulating many pathways, including food processing.
What are the three stages of metabolism?
Breakdown of food, conversion into smaller molecules, production of ATP.
What does the glycolytic pathway produce?
2 net ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH.
What is the main control enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
What is the main purpose of gluconeogenesis?
Synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
What are the three fates of glucose?
Storage, oxidation via pentose phosphate, and glycolysis.
What is the role of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle?
It’s converted to Acetyl-CoA and then to citrate.
What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?
To produce energy through oxidation of Acetyl-CoA.
What are the three stages of fatty acid metabolism?
Transport, activation, and β-oxidation.
What is the carnitine transport system used for?
Transport fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation.
What happens during amino acid oxidation?
Amino acids are broken down into products used in other pathways.
What does the Urea Cycle do?
Detoxifies excess nitrogen by converting it into urea.
How does the Urea Cycle link to the citric acid cycle?
Through fumarate.
