8/21 exam 1

Question 1

What should you be familiar with regarding cell organelles?

Answer 1

Their basic functions and role in metabolism.

Question 2

What are some major metabolic pathways you should know?

Answer 2

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport, Oxidative Phosphorylation, etc.

Question 3

What distinguishes prokaryotic organisms?

Answer 3

They do not have a distinct nuclear compartment for DNA.

Question 4

What distinguishes eukaryotic organisms?

Answer 4

They house their DNA in a nucleus.

Question 5

What does glycolysis produce?

Answer 5

ATP energy and pyruvate.

Question 6

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 6

A pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules.

Question 7

What does the pentose phosphate pathway produce?

Answer 7

NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate.

Question 8

What is β-oxidation?

Answer 8

The breakdown of fatty acids into Acetyl-CoA.

Question 9

What is the Krebs Cycle also known as?

Answer 9

Citric Acid cycle or TCA cycle.

Question 10

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

Answer 10

In the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 11

What is the role of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 11

Generate most of the cell’s energy.

Question 12

How is pyruvate related to energy generation?

Answer 12

It’s converted into Acetyl-CoA for the Krebs cycle.

Question 13

What are the three key regulation enzymes in glycolysis?

Answer 13

Hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase.

Question 14

What is the net yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose?

Answer 14

30-32 molecules of ATP.

Question 15

What process involves the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 15

Aerobic respiration.

Question 16

What is the role of the liver in metabolism?

Answer 16

Regulating many pathways, including food processing.

Question 17

What are the three stages of metabolism?

Answer 17

Breakdown of food, conversion into smaller molecules, production of ATP.

Question 18

What does the glycolytic pathway produce?

Answer 18

2 net ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH.

Question 19

What is the main control enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 19

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Question 20

What is the main purpose of gluconeogenesis?

Answer 20

Synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Question 21

What are the three fates of glucose?

Answer 21

Storage, oxidation via pentose phosphate, and glycolysis.

Question 22

What is the role of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 22

It’s converted to Acetyl-CoA and then to citrate.

Question 23

What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 23

To produce energy through oxidation of Acetyl-CoA.

Question 24

What are the three stages of fatty acid metabolism?

Answer 24

Transport, activation, and β-oxidation.

Question 25

What is the carnitine transport system used for?

Answer 25

Transport fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation.

Question 26

What happens during amino acid oxidation?

Answer 26

Amino acids are broken down into products used in other pathways.

Question 27

What does the Urea Cycle do?

Answer 27

Detoxifies excess nitrogen by converting it into urea.

Question 28

How does the Urea Cycle link to the citric acid cycle?

Answer 28

Through fumarate.