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DI Biochem > 8/20- Exam 1 > Flashcards

8/20- Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are cell organelles?

A

Structures within cells responsible for various functions, including metabolism.

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2
Q

What distinguishes Gram-negative from Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Gram stain; Gram-positive have a thicker peptidoglycan layer, Gram-negative have LPS and two membranes.

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3
Q

What is a prokaryotic organism?

A

An organism without a membrane-bound nucleus; includes bacteria and archaea.

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4
Q

What is a eukaryotic organism?

A

An organism with a membrane-bound nucleus; includes all other living organisms.

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5
Q

What is a haploid organism?

A

An organism with a single set of chromosomes.

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6
Q

What is a diploid organism?

A

An organism with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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7
Q

What is lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A

A component of Gram-negative bacteria’s outer membrane that activates host inflammatory responses.

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8
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A polymer found in bacterial cell walls, thicker in Gram-positive bacteria.

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9
Q

What does saccharolytic mean?

A

Bacteria that metabolize sugars to derive energy.

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10
Q

What does asaccharolytic mean?

A

Bacteria that use amino acids to derive energy.

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11
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

A community of microorganisms attached to a surface with a matrix.

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12
Q

What is the proteome?

A

The total set of proteins in a tissue or body fluid.

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13
Q

What are caries?

A

Tooth decay caused by bacteria in the enamel and dentin.

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14
Q

What is plaque?

A

A soft biofilm that builds up on teeth from bacteria attaching to the tooth surface.

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15
Q

What is calculus?

A

Hardened plaque on teeth due to mineral deposition, also known as tartar.

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16
Q

What is a pellicle?

A

A thin proteinaceous layer on enamel from glycoproteins in saliva.

17
Q

What are glucans?

A

Polysaccharides made from glucose by S. mutans, contributing to biofilm formation.

18
Q

What are fructans?

A

Polysaccharides made from fructose by S. mutans, also contributing to biofilm formation.

19
Q

What are the major divisions of life?

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea).

20
Q

How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and more organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.

21
Q

What is unique about viruses?

A

They are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes.

22
Q

What is the structure of a bacterial cell?

A

Includes fimbriae, flagella, LPS, and a capsule.

23
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane in bacteria?

A

It separates the cell’s interior from the environment and controls molecule movement.

24
Q

How does bacterial size compare between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: 1-10 microns, Eukaryotes: 10-100 microns.

25
Q

What contributes to plaque, and calculus,

A

Plaque is biofilm; if not removed, it mineralizes into calculus

26
Q

What is the difference between saccharolytic and asaccharolytic bacteria?

A

Saccharolytic bacteria break down sugars; asaccharolytic bacteria break down amino acids.

27
Q

How do saccharolytic bacteria contribute to caries?

A

They lower pH, leading to tooth demineralization and caries.

28
Q

What is gingival crevicular fluid?

A

A fluid in the gingival sulcus that cleans the sulcus, supports adhesion, and has antimicrobial properties.

29
Q

What is the role of saliva in oral health?

A

It lubricates, protects, buffers, and has antibacterial properties.

30
Q

What is the role of gingival crevicular fluid in periodontal disease?

A

It provides nutrients for subgingival bacteria, contributing to periodontal pathogens.

31
Q

How does calculus promote periodontal disease?

A

It creates an environment for asaccharolytic bacteria, leading to hydrogen sulfide and bad breath.

32
Q

How does the dental pellicle form?

A

It forms within seconds after cleaning by binding of proteins in saliva to enamel.

33
Q

How do biofilms contribute to oral disease?

A

Biofilms produce acids that contribute to caries and lead to periodontal disease.

34
Q

What is the significance of modern molecular biology in dentistry?

A

It enables personalized dentistry based on individual genetics and oral biomes.

DI Biochem (4 decks)

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