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Question 1

The importance of the FDA Raid on Coca-Cola

Answer 1

• Demonstrated that sound experimental research could be funded by a big corporate entity without prejudicing the results.
• Demonstrated that psychologists could have successful careers in applied psych without challenging their professional integrity
• The Hollingworths took over 64,000 individual measurements, and it paid for Leta to go to grad school

Question 2

Psychology grew tremendously from 1880-1900- How?

Answer 2

• grew from 0-41 labs, and they were better equipped than Germany’s labs
• grew from 0-3 American journals
• People used to go to Germany to study psych but now there were 40 American PhD programs so people could stay at home
• Over 100 psych PhDs were awarded
• Journal articles were now mostly written in English instead of German
• Who’s Who in Science stated that the US had the most leading psychologists, more than Germany, England, and France combined.

Question 3

20 years after its founding in Europe, U.S. assumes undisputed leadership- how?

Answer 3

• Student interest + required psych course
• Growing number of labs
• Immediate and avid interest of the public
• Psychologists popularizing psychology to the public: Psych lab at the world fair where people could have their sensory capabilities measured
• It was just the right environment and Zeitgeist, the American spirit was fitting for psych

Question 4

Contextual forces that compelled applied psychology

Answer 4

• The number of people with psych PhD’s had increased, and they had to find a way to apply their skills that was economically beneficial
• Psych was less popular with administrators than students, and therefore received less funding. To increase budgets and salaries they had to demonstrate its practicality
• education had become big business, and psychologists realized that was where they could apply psych

Question 5

James McKeen Cattell

Answer 5

(1860-1944) Mental testing!

• Studied under Wundt and Gall.
• Galton provided him with his primary goal of measuring individual psychological differences
• 1st to teach statistical analysis of experimental results.
• Organized the Psychological Corporation to provide psychological services to industry

Question 6

Mental Tests

Answer 6

Tests of motor skills and mental capacities: Cattell

• To make psych more like the physical sciences, Cattell believed we needed to apply a series of mental tests to a large number of individuals
• Similar to Galton’s tests, Cattell’s tests dealt with elementary sensorimotor measurements
• He correlated test scores with measures of academic performance, but the correlations were disappointingly low
• He concluded that tests of sensory and motor abilities were not valid predictors of college achievement or intellectual ability

Question 7

Cattell’s influence on American psychology

Answer 7

• linked psych to the greater scientific community
• active in promoting psych through lectures, journals, and promoting practical applications
• organizer, executive, and administrator of psychology science and practice
• built on Galton’s work
• reinforced the functionalist movement (mental tests, individual differences, promotion of applied psych)

Question 8

Alfred Binet

Answer 8

1857-1911 –

• initiated era of modern intelligence testing
• believed assessing cognitive processes would provide a more appropriate measure of intelligence than sensorimotor abilities
• Binet and Simon worked together to develop an intelligence test for French schoolchildren
• Binet later introduced the concept of mental age.

Question 9

Terman

Answer 9

• developed the Stanford-Binet version of the test that is now used
• adopted the concept of the intelligence quotient, the ratio between mental and chronological age

Question 10

How does War play a role in the testing movement?

Answer 10

• The army needed to assess the intelligence of large numbers of recruits in order to assign them to suitable tasks.
• needed tests that could evaluate multiple people at once and were simple to administer.
• These tests advanced psychology’s stature publicity; became prototypes for later tests
• Inspired the development and application of group testing for personality characteristics

Question 11

Army tests

Answer 11

• Yerkes - Army Alpha and Army Beta

- Personal data sheet – group army test to weed out neurotic recruits

Question 12

Henry Goddard

Answer 12

Ellis Island, 1912

• public concern that the Doctors at Ellis Island were not weeding out mentally retarded immigrants.
• Goddard visits Ellis island and suggests that psychologists conduct examinations using his translation of the Binet test.
• The evidence from these tests was used to support legislation restricting immigration of racial and ethnic groups assumed to have inferior intelligence.

Question 13

Horace Mann Bond

Answer 13

1904-1972

• Published books and articles arguing that the differences in IQ between blacks and whites were a result of environment rather than intelligence. -Demonstrated that blacks from northern states scored higher on intelligence tests than whites from southern states.
• Severely damaged the argument that blacks were genetically inferior.

Question 14

The Bell Curve

Answer 14

1994 Herrnstein and Murray

Question 15

Contributions of Women to the testing movement:

Florence Goodenough

Answer 15

• Ph.D. from Stanford
• Draw-a-Man test, widely used nonverbal intelligence test for children.
• Pioneer in test construction

Question 16

Contributions of Women to the testing movement: Maude Merrill James

Answer 16

-revised the Stanford-binet test with Terman

Question 17

Contributions of Women to the testing movement: Thelma Thurstone

Answer 17

• Helped develop the Primary Mental Abilities test battery, a group intelligence test
• Professor of education at director of the psychometric lab at UNC
• Husband called her a genius in test construction

Question 18

Contributions of Women to the testing movement: Psyche Cattell

Answer 18

• James Cattel’s daughter – he refused to support her college education because he thought she wasn’t smart enough
• She earned a doctorate from Harvard and extended the age range of the Stanford-Binet by devising the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale

Question 19

Contributions of Women to the testing movement: Anne Anastasi

Answer 19

• Named most prominent female psychologist
• wrote more than 150 books and articles
• diagnosed with cervical cancer at 25 and was not able to bear children. She thought much of her success was due to this, as it meant she did not have to choose between a career and motherhood.

Question 20

Women in applied psych

Answer 20

• some women became successful in areas such as testing, but working in applied psych put women at a disadvantage.
• Nonacademic jobs provide less support, financial and otherwise.
• In applied settings contributions often go unrecognized.
• The functional movement offered employment opportunities for women but removed them from mainstream academic psych where theories, research, and schools of thought were being developed.
• Applied psych was belittled as “women’s work”

Question 21

Lightner Witmer

Answer 21

(1867-1956)

• Began the field of Clinical Psychology
• actually more like school psych; interested in assessing learning and behavior problems in schoolchildren
• Influenced the spread of special education
• Functionalist approach – solve problems not study contents

Question 22

Witmer’s firsts

Answer 22

• 1896 opened the world’s first psychology clinic.
• First clinical college course
• first clinical journal

Question 23

Witmers clinics

Answer 23

• developed protocol for assessment and treatment
• eventually had physicians and social workers on staff
• assessed for physical problems that might impact cognitive and emotional functioning
• realized children needed a variety of sensory experiences early in life
• believed in involving families and schools in treatment
• initially believed genetic factors were largely to blame for cognitive and behavioral problems but later found environmental influences more important

Question 24

Two books provide impetus to field:

A Mind That Found Itself

Answer 24

Clifford Beers (1908)

• former mental patient
• focused public attention on the need to deal with the mentally ill in a humane manner

Question 25

Two books provide impetus to field:

Psychotherapy

Answer 25

Hugo Münsterberg (1909)

-described treatments for mental disorders. -Promoted clinical psych by describing ways the mentally ill could be helped

Question 26

Sigmund Freud’s role in clinical psych

Answer 26

• fascinated and outraged segments of psychology and the public.
• moved clinical psych beyond Witmer’s clinic
• gave clinical psychologists their initial therapy techniques

Question 27

The impact of the World Wars on clinical psych

Answer 27

• World War II created a great need for clinical psychologists.
• Army established training programs for hundreds of clinical psychologists
• Post-war, the VA funded graduate programs and paid tuition for students willing to work in the VA.
• Shifted the primary focus of clinical psychologists from treating children to treating veterans

Question 28

The I/O Movement: Walter Dill Scott and his firsts

Answer 28

(1869-1955)

• Influenced by the functionalist school (application to practical issues)
• First to apply psych to personnel selection, management, and advertising
• First book in the field
• First professor of applied psych
• First psychological consulting company
• First psychologist to earn the Distinguished Service Medal from the army

Question 29

Walter Dill Scott: Advertising and human suggestibility

Answer 29

• Consumers are suggestible—emotion, sympathy, and sentimentality heighten suggestibility
• believed women were more suggestible than men
• suggested companies use direct commands “buy this” and use return coupons, because they require the consumer to take action.

Question 30

Walter Dill Scott: Employee Selection

Answer 30

-To select new employees, Scott designed rating scales and group tests to measure the characteristics of people who were already successful and then ranked job applicants on qualities linked to effective job performance
-developed group intelligence and ability tests
which tests measured both intelligence and how the person USED their intelligence
-concerned with practical terms such as judgment, quickness, and accuracy. Compared applicants scores to successful employees scores.

Question 31

The impact of the WWI on I/O psych

Answer 31

• When World War I started Scott offered to help the army select military personnel.
• After the war, business, industry, and government wanted industrial psychologists to reorganize their personnel procedures and prepare tests for employee selection

Question 32

Impact of WW2 on I/O psych

Answer 32

• WWII brought more work for testing, screening, and classifying recruits.
• Technology had become more complex, and they needed to identify people who would be able to operate it, which spawned engineering psychology.
• Engineering psychologists supply info about human capacities and limitations which directly influences the design of military (or other) equipment

Question 33

The Hawthorne Studies and Organizational Issues

Answer 33

• Broadened the focus of I/O to issues such as human relations, motivation, and morale
• looked at effects of the physical work environment of employee efficacy
• found social and psychological aspects are more important than physical conditions
• spawned the study of the social-psychological work climate

Question 34

Contributions of Women to I/O

Answer 34

• historically a field that has provided career opportunities for women
• first person to get a PhD in I/O was Lillian Gilbreth -they wouldn’t publish her book unless she put her initials rather than name
• she made major advances in work management and efficacy.

Question 35

Hugo Münsterberg

Answer 35

(1863-1916)

Contributions to forensic, clinical, and industrial psychology.

Question 36

Hugo Münsterberg: Forensic psychology

Answer 36

Hugo Münsterberg
Forensic psychology
-he was particularly interested in the unreliability of human perception in viewing a crime and then describing it
-conducted studies of simulated crimes where witnesses were asked to describe the crime immediately after seeing it, and found that there was disagreement among subjects
-published On the Witness Stand, describing psychological factors that can affect trial outcomes including false confessions, suggestion in cross-examination, and using physiological measures to detect heightened emotional states in suspects and defendants.

Question 37

Hugo Münsterberg: Psychotherapy

Answer 37

(1909) Book
- Treated patients in his laboratory, and suggested he could cure them
- Believed mental illness was really a behavioral maladjustment problem, and not attributable to underlying unconscious conflicts as Freud claimed
- Witmer complained that Munsterberg and his book had cheapened applied psychology with claims of cures

Question 38

Munsterbergs research in industrial psych –

Answer 38

• select workers to positions that match their mental and emotional abilities
• research on diverse occupations to demonstrate how his selection techniques worked
• working while talking decreases efficacy—don’t tell them not to talk, make it more difficult to talk

Question 39

Applied Psychology in the United States: A National Mania

Answer 39

• WWI led to acceptance and respect of applied psych
• people believed psychologists could fix everything and sell everything, people wanted solutions to real world problems
• disappointment set in by 1930 when people began to claim that psychology had not fixed everything it claimed to be able to fix
• Psychology’s image was restored in 1941 with WWII, which provided a new set of problems and expanded psych’s influence.
• For the first time, the majority of psychologists worked in applied areas, and applied psychologists assumed a commanding position in the APA