8&11 Flashcards
Political party
political party According to Anthony Downs, a “team of men [and women] seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election”
Linkage institution
linkage institutions The channels throue which people’s concerns become political issues on the governments policy agenda the United States linkage institutions include elections political parties, erest eoups and meda.
Rational choice theory
rational choice theory A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.
Party image
rational choice theory A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.
Party ID
party identification A citizen’s self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other.
Ticket splitting
ticket splitting Voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. It has become the norm in American voting behavior.
Party machines
party machines A type of political party organization that relies heavily on material induce ments, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern.
Patronage
patronage One of the key inducements used by party machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone.
Closed primaries
closed primaries Elections to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance with the party can vote for that party’s candidates, thus encouraging greater party loyalty.
Open primaries
open primaries Elections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican Contests.
Blanket primaries
blanket primaries Elections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidates from all the parties. Voters can then select some Democrats and some Republicans if they like.
National convention
national convention The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party’s platform
National committee
is the committee between that conventions. keeps of operating the institutions national One party es The national committee is composed al of representatives from the states and ic territories
National chair Person
national chairperson The national chairperson is responsible for the day-to-day activities of the party and is usually handpicked by the presidential nominee.
Coalition
coalition A group of individuals with a common interest on which every political party depends.
Party eras
party eras Historical periods in which a majority of voters cling to the party in power, which tends to win a majority of the elections.
Critical election
An electoral “earthquake” where new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. critical election periods are sometimes marked by a national crisis and may require more than one election to bring about a new party era.
Party realignment
Displacement of majority party by majority party usually during a critical election.
New deal coalition
New Deal coalition A coalition forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930s to the 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.
Party dealignment
The gradual disengagement of people and politicians from the parties as seen in part by shrinking party identification
Third parties
Elect oral contenders other than the two major parties. American third parties are not unusual, but they really went elections
Winner take all system
And elect oral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first in their contingencies.
Proportional representation
Electoral system used throughout most of Europe used legislative seats to political parties and proportional to the number of votes one in an election
Coalition government
When two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislative, form of government is common in Europe
Responsible party model
You favored by some political scientist about how party should work, should offer clear choices, cue to their own preference of candidates, once an office parties would carry out their campaign promises
Interest group
And organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try and achieve those goals interest groups pursue goals in many arenas
Pluralist theory
A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups each one pressing for its own preferred policies
Elite Theory
A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines in that upper class elite will rule regardless of the formal niceties of the governmental organization
hyper pluralist theory
If Erie of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weekends exaggerated form of pluralism
SubGovernments
A network of groups within the political system that exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas also known as iron triangles. Sub governments are composed of interest group leaders interested in a particular policy the government agencyin charge of administering that policy and the members of congressional committees and subcommittees handling that policy
Potential group
All the people who might be interested members because they share some common interests a potential group is almost always larger than an actual group
Actual group
This part of the potential group consisting of members who actually join
Collective good
Something of value; money, text right off per Stege clean air and other things that cannot be withheld from a group member
Free rider problem
The problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the groups activities without officially joining
Olsons the law of large groups
Advanced by man Carlson a principal stating that the larger the group the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of collective good
Selective benefits
Goods; such as information publications trouble docket travel discounts that a group can restrict to those who pay their annual dues
Single issue groups
Groups that have a narrow interest
Party competition
party competition :The battle of the parties for control of public offices. Ups and downs of the two major parties are one of the most important elements in American politics.
Lobbying
According to Lester Milbrath a communication by someone other than a citizen acting on his own accord directed to a governmental decision maker with the hope of influencing his decisions
Electioneering
Direct group involvement in the actual process. Groups can help fund campaigns provide testimony and get members to work for the candidates in some form political action committees
Political action committees PAC’ S
Public funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign-finance reform’s a corporation union or some other interest group can create a political action committee and register it with the Federal election commission which will meticulously monitorThe PACs expediters
Amicus cutie briefs
Legal briefs submitted by quotation marks friends of the court, for the purpose of raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs a formal parties, these briefs attempt to influence a court’s decision
ClassAction suit
Lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated
Union shop
A provision found in some collective-bargaining agreements requiring all employees of business to join the union within a short period usually 30 days and to remain members as a condition of employment
right to work laws
A state law for bidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs, state rights to work laws were specifically permitted by the Taft Hartley act. 1947
Public interest lobby’s
According to Jeffrey Barry organizations that seek, a collective good the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership or activities of the organization
