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Science > 7th Science MID TERMS Study Guide > Flashcards

7th Science MID TERMS Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical Evidence

A

The observations, measurements, and other types of data that people gather and test to support and evaluate scientific explanations.

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2
Q

Scientific Theory

A

A system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation

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3
Q

Scientific Law

A

A descriptive statement or equation that describes a specific relationship in nature

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4
Q

Experiment

A

An organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable idea or explanation that leads to scientific investigation

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6
Q

Dependent Variable

A

In an investigation, the factor that changes In reaction to the independent changing

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7
Q

Independent Variable

A

In an investigation, the factor that is changed for the experiment

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8
Q

Observation

A

The process of obtaining info by using the senses

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9
Q

Data

A

Info collected in an observation or experiment

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10
Q

Model

A

A representation or description designed to show the structure or working or an object, system, or concept

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11
Q

Engineering

A

The application of math and science to solve everyday problems

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12
Q

Technology

A

The use of science to make items that solve everyday problems

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13
Q

Prototype

A

A test model of a product

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14
Q

Trade-Off

A

When someone gives up one thing for another

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15
Q

Risk-Benefit Analysis

A

Comparing the risks of an item with its benefits

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16
Q

Life-Cycle Analysis

A

The evaluation of a items’ materials life usage from manufacturing to disposal

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17
Q

Pugh Chart

A

A table used to compare multiple features of items

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18
Q

Solar System

A

The sun, planets, and everything else

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19
Q

Planet

A

A celestial body that orbits the sun

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20
Q

Star

A

A large celestial body composed of gas that emits light

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21
Q

Galaxy

A

A collection or stars, dust, and gas bound by gravity

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22
Q

Light-Year

A

The space that light can travel in one year

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23
Q

Universe

A

Space and all the matter and energy in it

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24
Q

Apparent Magnitude

A

How bright a star looks from earth

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25
Q

Absolute Magnitude

A

How bright a star would be at a exact distance from earth

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26
Q

Luminosity

A

The actual brightness of a star

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27
Q

Heliocentric

A

A model of the solar system with the sun at the center

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28
Q

Geocentric

A

A model of the solar system with the earth at the center

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29
Q

Parallax

A

An apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different location; when the earth moves but the star does not but it looks like the star moved

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30
Q

Gravity

A

A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses

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31
Q

Orbit

A

The path a body follows as it travels around another body in space

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32
Q

Aphelion

A

The farthest point in orbit from the sun

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33
Q

Perihelion

A

The closest point in orbit from the sun

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34
Q

Centripetal force

A

The inward force of an object when it is in orbit that keeps it from going in a circle instead of straight line

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35
Q

Solar Nebula

A

A rotating cloud of gas and dust from which the solar system formed

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36
Q

Planetesmial

A

A small body that is the early stage in life of a planet

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37
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

The process by which nuclei of small atoms combine to form a new, bigger nucleus, releasing large amounts of energy

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38
Q

Sunspot

A

A dark area of the photo sphere of the sun that is cooler than its surrounding areas and has a strong magnetic field

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39
Q

Solar flare

A

An explosive release of energy that comes from the sun

40
Q

Prominence

A

A loop of relatively cool, incandescent gas above the photo sphere and sun’s edge as seen from earth

41
Q

Terrestrial planet

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, the dense four planets closest to the sun

42
Q

Gas giant

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, the four farthest planets from the sun, mainly gas

43
Q

Astronomical unit

A

The average distance between the earth and the sun, ~150 mil km

44
Q

Planetary ring

A

A disk of matter that encircles a planet and consists of numerous particles in orbit

45
Q

Dwarf planet

A

A celestial body that orbits the sun but has not cleared its orbital path

46
Q

Kuiper belt

A

A region of the solar system that is a little farther out than the orbit of Neptune and contains small bodies made mainly of ice

47
Q

Kuiper belt object

A

The small bodies in the kuiper belt

48
Q

Comet

A

A small body usually made of dust and frozen gases that gives off gas as it passes the sun

49
Q

Oort cloud

A

A region that surrounds the solar system, that extends from the Kuiper belt to the halfway point till the nearest star (Proxima Centari) and contains billions of comets

50
Q

Asteroid

A

A small rocky object that orbits the sun

51
Q

Meteoroid

A

A small rocky body in space

52
Q

Meteor

A

A meteoroid that burns when it Earth’s atmosphere

53
Q

Meteorite

A

A meteoroid/meteor that reached Earth’s surface without burning

54
Q

Corona

A

L6, Outermost layer of the sun’s atmosphere

55
Q

Chromosphere

A

L5, The middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere

56
Q

Photosphere

A

L4, The visible layer of the sun

57
Q

Convection zone

A

L3, The layer that transfers energy to the photosphere though Convection

58
Q

Radiative zone

A

L2, The layer that transfers energy to the convective zone by Radiation

59
Q

Core

A

L1, The layer that creates energy with nuclear fusion, the center of the sun

60
Q

Prograde/Retrograde

A

Counter clockwise/Clockwise orbit

61
Q

What are types of scientific knowledge?

A

Experiments and observations

62
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method in order?

A

Define a problem
Conduct research
Form a hypothesis
Make a prediction
Plan an investigation
Identify variables
Collect and organize data
Analyze info/data
Draw conclusions
Communicate results

63
Q

What’s the difference between real science and pseudoscience?

A

Real- Based on logic and can be tested
Pseudo- Based on faulty logic and cannot be tested

64
Q

What’s the difference between independent, dependent, and constant variables?

A

Independent- What you change
Dependent- What you measure
Constant- Stay the same

65
Q

When would you use a line, bar, or pie graph?

A

Line- Changes with time
Bar- Compares 2 or more things
Pie- Shows percentages

66
Q

How do scientists organize, analyze and present data?

A

Charts and graphs

67
Q

What’s the engineering design process?

A

Identify a need
Conduct research
Brainstorm and select solutions
Build a prototype
Testing, evaluating, and redesigning a prototype
Communicating results

68
Q

How can we evaluate technology?

A

With a Risk-Benefit or Life Cycle analysis or Pugh chart

69
Q

How are engineering and society related?

A

Engineers make inventions based on Society’s needs or wants

70
Q

What makes up the universe?

A

Galaxies and the solar system; the planets, sun, stars, ect.

71
Q

What are some properties of stars?

A

Brightness, Size, Composition, and Energy Production

72
Q

How did ancient astronomers measure brightness of stars and how has that practice changed?

A

Apparent magnitude 1-6, with 1 as the brightest and 6 as the faintest, now it’s the absolute Magnitude from -2 to 30 and the fainter stars have larger numbers

73
Q

What is the difference between a heliocentric and geocentric model

A

Heliocentric puts the sun in the middle of the solar system but geo- puts the earth in the center

74
Q

How has our understanding of the solar system changed over time?

A

Geocentric - Heliocentric
Perfect circle orbits - Elliptical orbits

75
Q

Who are the most influential astronomers?

A

Aristotle, Aristarchus, Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, and Newton

76
Q

Aristotle

A

384-322 BCE, Greek philosopher, Discovered parallax,

77
Q

Aristarchus

A

310-230 BCE, Greek astronomer and mathematician, Believed in helocentric

78
Q

Ptolemy

A

90-168 AD, Egyptian astronomer, geographer, mathematician, geocentric, famous book The Algamest

79
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

1473-1543, Polish astronomer, heliocentric

80
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

1546-1601, Danish astronomer, though orbits were circles

81
Q

Johannes Kelpler

A

1571-1630, German astronomer and mathematician, discovered elliptical orbits

82
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

1564-1642, Italian astronomer, proved heliocentric, found Jupiter and Venus’ moons

83
Q

Newton

A

1642-1727, English mathematician, famous book Principia Mathematica, discovered law of universal gravitation

84
Q

What are Kepler’s laws and how have they changed our understanding of the universe and solar system?

A

1) The orbit is elliptical, 2) Planets orbit the sun faster the closer they are to the sun, 3) The farther the planet is, the longer it takes to orbit the sun, helped other scientists by giving them rules that made sense

85
Q

What are the steps in the formation of the solar system?

A

Solar Nebula collapses, sun forms, planetesmials form, planets form

86
Q

What are the layers of the sun?

A

6 layers: (Core to Surroundings)
Core, Radiative zone, Convection Zone, Photosphere, Chromosphere (Surface), and Corona

87
Q

What are the planets in our solar system and what makes them unique?

A

Terrestrial planets and gas giants

88
Q

Mercury

A

Ball of rock with iron core, closest planet to the earth, most extreme temperature range

89
Q

Venus

A

Similar size to earth, craters and volcanoes, toxic atmosphere

90
Q

Earth

A

Abundant water and life, geologically active, humans has reached the moon

91
Q

Mars

A

Rocky, red, interesting surface features, thin atmosphere, liquid water was once there

92
Q

Jupiter

A

Huge storms, weather is strange, the most moons

93
Q

Saturn

A

Large ring system, liquid rock erupts from volcanoes

94
Q

Uranus

A

Tilted axis, seasons last 21 years

95
Q

Neptune

A

Blue ice giant, strongest winds in the solar system

96
Q

What is the difference between a meteor, meteoroid, and meteorite?

A

Meteors are meteoroids that burn up when they enter Earth’s atmosphere, Meteoroids are small bodies of rock that float around space and can enter a planet’s atmosphere, and a Meteorite is a meteor that hits the Earth’s surface

Science (4 decks)

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