7th Science MID TERMS Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Empirical Evidence
A
The observations, measurements, and other types of data that people gather and test to support and evaluate scientific explanations.
2
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Scientific Theory
A
A system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation
3
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Scientific Law
A
A descriptive statement or equation that describes a specific relationship in nature
4
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Experiment
A
An organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions
5
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Hypothesis
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A testable idea or explanation that leads to scientific investigation
6
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Dependent Variable
A
In an investigation, the factor that changes In reaction to the independent changing
7
Q
Independent Variable
A
In an investigation, the factor that is changed for the experiment
8
Q
Observation
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The process of obtaining info by using the senses
9
Q
Data
A
Info collected in an observation or experiment
10
Q
Model
A
A representation or description designed to show the structure or working or an object, system, or concept
11
Q
Engineering
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The application of math and science to solve everyday problems
12
Q
Technology
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The use of science to make items that solve everyday problems
13
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Prototype
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A test model of a product
14
Q
Trade-Off
A
When someone gives up one thing for another
15
Q
Risk-Benefit Analysis
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Comparing the risks of an item with its benefits
16
Q
Life-Cycle Analysis
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The evaluation of a items’ materials life usage from manufacturing to disposal
17
Q
Pugh Chart
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A table used to compare multiple features of items
18
Q
Solar System
A
The sun, planets, and everything else
19
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Planet
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A celestial body that orbits the sun
20
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Star
A
A large celestial body composed of gas that emits light
21
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Galaxy
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A collection or stars, dust, and gas bound by gravity
22
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Light-Year
A
The space that light can travel in one year
23
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Universe
A
Space and all the matter and energy in it
24
Q
Apparent Magnitude
A
How bright a star looks from earth
25
Absolute Magnitude
How bright a star would be at a exact distance from earth
26
Luminosity
The actual brightness of a star
27
Heliocentric
A model of the solar system with the sun at the center
28
Geocentric
A model of the solar system with the earth at the center
29
Parallax
An apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different location; when the earth moves but the star does not but it looks like the star moved
30
Gravity
A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses
31
Orbit
The path a body follows as it travels around another body in space
32
Aphelion
The farthest point in orbit from the sun
33
Perihelion
The closest point in orbit from the sun
34
Centripetal force
The inward force of an object when it is in orbit that keeps it from going in a circle instead of straight line
35
Solar Nebula
A rotating cloud of gas and dust from which the solar system formed
36
Planetesmial
A small body that is the early stage in life of a planet
37
Nuclear fusion
The process by which nuclei of small atoms combine to form a new, bigger nucleus, releasing large amounts of energy
38
Sunspot
A dark area of the photo sphere of the sun that is cooler than its surrounding areas and has a strong magnetic field
39
Solar flare
An explosive release of energy that comes from the sun
40
Prominence
A loop of relatively cool, incandescent gas above the photo sphere and sun's edge as seen from earth
41
Terrestrial planet
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, the dense four planets closest to the sun
42
Gas giant
Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, the four farthest planets from the sun, mainly gas
43
Astronomical unit
The average distance between the earth and the sun, ~150 mil km
44
Planetary ring
A disk of matter that encircles a planet and consists of numerous particles in orbit
45
Dwarf planet
A celestial body that orbits the sun but has not cleared its orbital path
46
Kuiper belt
A region of the solar system that is a little farther out than the orbit of Neptune and contains small bodies made mainly of ice
47
Kuiper belt object
The small bodies in the kuiper belt
48
Comet
A small body usually made of dust and frozen gases that gives off gas as it passes the sun
49
Oort cloud
A region that surrounds the solar system, that extends from the Kuiper belt to the halfway point till the nearest star (Proxima Centari) and contains billions of comets
50
Asteroid
A small rocky object that orbits the sun
51
Meteoroid
A small rocky body in space
52
Meteor
A meteoroid that burns when it Earth's atmosphere
53
Meteorite
A meteoroid/meteor that reached Earth's surface without burning
54
Corona
L6, Outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere
55
Chromosphere
L5, The middle layer of the sun's atmosphere
56
Photosphere
L4, The visible layer of the sun
57
Convection zone
L3, The layer that transfers energy to the photosphere though Convection
58
Radiative zone
L2, The layer that transfers energy to the convective zone by Radiation
59
Core
L1, The layer that creates energy with nuclear fusion, the center of the sun
60
Prograde/Retrograde
Counter clockwise/Clockwise orbit
61
What are types of scientific knowledge?
Experiments and observations
62
What are the steps of the scientific method in order?
Define a problem
Conduct research
Form a hypothesis
Make a prediction
Plan an investigation
Identify variables
Collect and organize data
Analyze info/data
Draw conclusions
Communicate results
63
What's the difference between real science and pseudoscience?
Real- Based on logic and can be tested
Pseudo- Based on faulty logic and cannot be tested
64
What's the difference between independent, dependent, and constant variables?
Independent- What you change
Dependent- What you measure
Constant- Stay the same
65
When would you use a line, bar, or pie graph?
Line- Changes with time
Bar- Compares 2 or more things
Pie- Shows percentages
66
How do scientists organize, analyze and present data?
Charts and graphs
67
What's the engineering design process?
Identify a need
Conduct research
Brainstorm and select solutions
Build a prototype
Testing, evaluating, and redesigning a prototype
Communicating results
68
How can we evaluate technology?
With a Risk-Benefit or Life Cycle analysis or Pugh chart
69
How are engineering and society related?
Engineers make inventions based on Society's needs or wants
70
What makes up the universe?
Galaxies and the solar system; the planets, sun, stars, ect.
71
What are some properties of stars?
Brightness, Size, Composition, and Energy Production
72
How did ancient astronomers measure brightness of stars and how has that practice changed?
Apparent magnitude 1-6, with 1 as the brightest and 6 as the faintest, now it's the absolute Magnitude from -2 to 30 and the fainter stars have larger numbers
73
What is the difference between a heliocentric and geocentric model
Heliocentric puts the sun in the middle of the solar system but geo- puts the earth in the center
74
How has our understanding of the solar system changed over time?
Geocentric - Heliocentric
Perfect circle orbits - Elliptical orbits
75
Who are the most influential astronomers?
Aristotle, Aristarchus, Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, and Newton
76
Aristotle
384-322 BCE, Greek philosopher, Discovered parallax,
77
Aristarchus
310-230 BCE, Greek astronomer and mathematician, Believed in helocentric
78
Ptolemy
90-168 AD, Egyptian astronomer, geographer, mathematician, geocentric, famous book The Algamest
79
Nicolaus Copernicus
1473-1543, Polish astronomer, heliocentric
80
Tycho Brahe
1546-1601, Danish astronomer, though orbits were circles
81
Johannes Kelpler
1571-1630, German astronomer and mathematician, discovered elliptical orbits
82
Galileo Galilei
1564-1642, Italian astronomer, proved heliocentric, found Jupiter and Venus' moons
83
Newton
1642-1727, English mathematician, famous book Principia Mathematica, discovered law of universal gravitation
84
What are Kepler's laws and how have they changed our understanding of the universe and solar system?
1) The orbit is elliptical, 2) Planets orbit the sun faster the closer they are to the sun, 3) The farther the planet is, the longer it takes to orbit the sun, helped other scientists by giving them rules that made sense
85
What are the steps in the formation of the solar system?
Solar Nebula collapses, sun forms, planetesmials form, planets form
86
What are the layers of the sun?
6 layers: (Core to Surroundings)
Core, Radiative zone, Convection Zone, Photosphere, Chromosphere (Surface), and Corona
87
What are the planets in our solar system and what makes them unique?
Terrestrial planets and gas giants
88
Mercury
Ball of rock with iron core, closest planet to the earth, most extreme temperature range
89
Venus
Similar size to earth, craters and volcanoes, toxic atmosphere
90
Earth
Abundant water and life, geologically active, humans has reached the moon
91
Mars
Rocky, red, interesting surface features, thin atmosphere, liquid water was once there
92
Jupiter
Huge storms, weather is strange, the most moons
93
Saturn
Large ring system, liquid rock erupts from volcanoes
94
Uranus
Tilted axis, seasons last 21 years
95
Neptune
Blue ice giant, strongest winds in the solar system
96
What is the difference between a meteor, meteoroid, and meteorite?
Meteors are meteoroids that burn up when they enter Earth's atmosphere, Meteoroids are small bodies of rock that float around space and can enter a planet's atmosphere, and a Meteorite is a meteor that hits the Earth's surface
