6th Science FINALS Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Homeostasis
A
the maintenance of a constant internal environment when outside conditions change
2
Q
Skeletal system
A
Made up bones, ligaments, joints and is the body’s support structure
3
Q
Ligament
A
the tough, flexible stands of connective tissue that hold bones together
4
Q
Muscular system
A
Made up of muscles and muscle fibers
5
Q
Osteoporosis
A
a disease that causes bone tissue to become thin. The bones become weak and break more easily
6
Q
Fractures
A
a crack in a bone which usually repairs itself in six to eight weeks
7
Q
Sprains
A
an injury to a ligament that is caused by stretching a joint too far
8
Q
Arthritis
A
a disease that causes the joints to swell, stiffen, and become painful. It can also cause the joints to change shape
9
Q
Smooth Muscle
A
found in the internal organs and blood vessels. It helps move material through the body by contracting and relaxing
10
Q
Cardiac Muscle
A
the tissue that makes up the heart. It never gets tired and works automatically without you thinking about it
11
Q
Skeletal Muscle
A
attached to the bones, controlled by your brain
12
Q
Muscular Strains and Tears
A
a muscle injury in which the muscle is overstretched and torn
13
Q
Muscular dystrophy
A
a hereditary disease that causes skeletal muscle to become weaker over time. It causes poor balance and difficulty walking or doing everyday activities
14
Q
Tendinitis
A
when tendons become inflamed or even torn, it causes this painful condition which is treated with medication to reduce swelling
15
Q
Strength
A
built with resistance exercise to increase the muscle’s power
16
Q
Endurance
A
these exercises allow the muscles to contract for a longer time without getting tired
17
Q
Flexibility
A
the full range of motion of a joint. This can be increased through stretching
18
Q
Tendon
A
the tough strand of tissue that connects a muscle to a bone
19
Q
Joint
A
the place where two or more bones connect
20
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
moves blood through the body. The heart is the pump for this system. Blood flows through blood vessels.
21
Q
Vein
A
a blood vessel that carries blood to the heart
22
Q
Blood
A
the fluid that carries gasses, nutrients, and wastes through the body
23
Q
Respiratory system
A
gathers oxygen from the environment and gets rid of carbon dioxide from the body.
24
Q
Lymphatic system
A
returns leaked fluid back to the blood. As a major part of the immune system, it has cells that help get rid of invading bacteria and viruses
25
Pharynx
the official name for your throat
26
Lymph
the fluid that leaks from organs and tissues
27
Larynx
part of the throat that holds the vocal cords
28
Lymph node
small bean-shaped organs that remove pathogens and dead cells from lymph
29
Trachea
a large tube that connects to the lungs and splits into two branches
30
Artery
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. They have thick walls with a layer of smooth muscle
31
Bronchi
the name for the two branches of the trachea
32
Capillary
a tiny blood vessel that allows gas exchange between body cells and the blood.
33
Alveoli
tiny sacs that suck air in and out. They are surrounded by blood vessels to transfer oxygen to the blood
34
Lymph vessels
thin-walled vessels of the lymphatic system. They carry lymph back to the lymph nodes
35
Bone marrow
the soft tissue inside the bones where blood cells are produced
36
Tonsils
small lymphatic organs at the back of the throat and tongue.
37
Thymus
an organ in the chest where white blood cells are made. It gets smaller as a person gets older
38
Spleen
the largest lymphatic organ, which stores white blood cells and allows them to mature.
39
Plamsa
the fluid part of the blood
40
Platelets
tiny pieces of larger cells found in bone marrow. They help the blood clot to form scabs
41
White blood cells
Help keep you healthy by fighting pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
42
Red blood cells
disk-shaped cells that do not have a nucleus. They bring oxygen to every cell in your body
43
Atherosclerosis
hardening of the artery walls caused by the build-up of cholesterol and other lipids. It narrows the blood vessels and causes heart attacks.
44
Hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure, which can cause heart attacks and strokes
45
Heart attacks
happens when an artery that supplies blood to the heart becomes blocked and the heart muscle tissue that depends on the blood supply does not get oxygen
46
Strokes
happens when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked or bursts
47
Asthma
a condition in which the airways are narrowed due to inflammation of the bronchi.
48
Pnuemonia
an inflammation of the lungs that is usually caused by bacteria or viruses. The alveoli may fill with fluid, causing the person to suffocate
49
Emphysema
occurs when the alveoli have been damaged and oxygen cannot pass into the blood. It causes a buildup of carbon dioxide and is often the result of smoking
50
Digestive system
breaks down food into nutrients that can be used by the body. The stomach breaks down food into tiny pieces. Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine
51
Pancreas
The organ that makes fluids that break down every type of material found in foods
52
Enzyme
a chemical the body uses to break down large molecules into smaller molecules.
53
Liver
makes and releases bile to break up large fat droplets into smaller pieces
54
Esophagus
a long tube that connects the throat to the stomach and moves food when you swallow
55
Excretory system
gets rid of the body's wastes.
56
Stomach
a muscular bag that crushes food and contains acids and enzymes for killing bacteria and breaking down proteins. Its walls contain layers of muscle
57
Kidney
one of a pair of organs that remove waste from the blood
58
Small intestine
a muscular tube where most chemical digestion takes place and most nutrients are absorbed
59
Nephron
microscopic structures in the kidneys that filter blood
60
Ureters
tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder
61
Bladder
a sac-like organ that stores urine
62
Urethra
the tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body to expel urine
63
Large intestine
Where water and nutrients are absorbed and waste is compacted and stored
64
Urine
water and waste that was filtered out of the blood into a liquid form
65
Nervous system
made up of structures that control the actions and reactions of the body in response to stimuli from the environment
66
Endocrine system
controls body functions and helps maintain homeostasis using hormones
67
Brain
the body's central command organ, which constantly receives impulses from all over the body
68
Dendrite
short, branched extensions of the cell body that allows neurons to communicate with other cells. Each neuron can have many of these
69
Spinal cord
made up of bundles of nerves, it allows your brain to communicate with the rest of your body
70
Hormone
a chemical messenger made in one cell or tissue that causes a change in another cell or tissue in a different part of the body. These are produced by endocrine glands or tissues
71
Neuron
a cell that moves messages in the form of fast-moving electrical energy.
72
Gland
a group of cells that make special chemicals for the body
73
Axon
Each neuron has only one of these. It's an extension of the neuron, and can be long or short. Its function is to move messages
74
Reproductive system
the body system that controls growth and metabolism and regulates reproduction through hormones
75
Sperm
male cells that are used for reproduction
76
Vagina
the canal between the uterus and the outside of the female body
77
Testes
the main organs of the male reproductive system, where sperm are made
78
Embryo
a fertilized egg
79
Penis
the organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive system
80
Placenta
a network of blood vessels that provides the embryo with oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood and carries away wastes
81
Egg
the female sex cell
82
Ovary
the reproductive organ that produces eggs
83
Uterus
the female organ in which a fertilized egg develops into a baby
84
Umbilical cord
the connection between the placenta and the baby
85
Fetus
10 weeks after an embryo has been fertilized, it becomes this.
86
Immune system
the body's defense system, which is made up of tissues and specialized white blood cells that recognize and attack foreign substances in the body
87
Pathogen
an organism, virus, or protein that causes disease.
88
B cell
make antibodies that attach to specific antigens
89
Antibody
a specialized protein that binds to a specific antigen to tag it for destruction
90
Macrophage
a white blood cell that destroys pathogens by engulfing and digesting them
91
Immunity
the ability to resist or recover from an infectious disease or from the body being vaccinated
92
T cell
coordinate the body's immune system
93
Vaccine
a substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body to produce immunity
94
Noninfectious disease
diseases that are caused by hereditary or environmental factors
95
Infectious disease
a disease that is caused by a pathogen like bacteria, fungi, or parasites, which are all alive
96
Anitbiotic
a medicine used to kill or slow the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms, such as fungi
97
Antiviral drug
a medicine that destroys viruses or prevents their replication
98
Viruses
tiny particles that have their own genetic material but depend on living things to reproduce. They cause disease and may be spread by air, contact, or the transfer of body fluids
99
Bacteria
Most are beneficial to other living things, but some cause disease.
100
Fungi
pathogens that cause skin infections that can be passed on through contact. Some are beneficial when they break down dead plants or animals.
101
Parasites
an organism that lives on and feeds on another organism, harming the host
102
Evolution
the process by which populations change over time
103
Mutation
a change in genetic material
104
Artificial selection
the practice by which humans select plans or animals for breeding based on desired traits
105
Adaption
106
Natural selection
107
Extinition
108
Variation
109
Overprodution
110
Genetic variation
111
Selection
112
Fossil
113
Fossil record
114
Mitosis
115
DNA
116
Chromosomes
117
Cell cycle
118
Interphase
119
Mitosis
120
Cytokineses
121
Prophase
122
Metaphase
123
Anaphase
124
Telophase
125
Meiosis
126
Homologous chromosomes
127
Sexual vs Asexual reproduction
128
Fertizization
129
Binary fission
130
Budding
131
Spores
132
Vegetative reproduction
133
Heredity
134
Dominant
135
Recessive
136
Gene
137
Allele
138
Genotype
139
Phenotype
140
Incomplete dominance
141
Co-dominance
142
Punnet square
143
Probability
144
Ratio
145
Pedigree
146
DNA
147
Mutation
148
Nucleotide
149
RNA
150
Replication
151
Ribosome
152
Transcription
153
Biotechnology
154
Artificial selection
155
Genetic engineering
156
Clone
157
Ecology
158
Community
159
Biotic factor
160
Ecosystem
161
Abiotic factor
162
Biome
163
Population
164
Niche
165
Species
166
Habitat
167
Producer
168
Carnivore
169
Decomposer
170
Carnivore
171
Omnivore
172
Consumer
173
Food chain
174
Hebivore
175
Food web
176
Predator
177
Prey
178
Commensalism
179
Symbiosis
180
Parasatism
181
Mutalism
182
Competion
183
Limiting factor
184
Native species
185
Introduced species
186
Wetland
187
Coral reef
188
Esturay
189
Forest
190
Priaie
191
Beaches
192
Dunes
193
Lakes and pond
194
Rivers and streams
195
Salt marshes
196
