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Semester 1 - Body Logistics > 7.Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

7.Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What do the prefix my or myo denote to?

A

Muscle

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2
Q

Define myalgia

A

Muscle pain

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3
Q

Define myasthenia

A

Weakness of the muscles

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4
Q

Define myocardium

A

Muscular component of the heart

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5
Q

Define myopathy

A

Any disease of he muscles

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6
Q

Define myoclonus

A

A sudden spasm of the muscles

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7
Q

In the muscle hierarchy what can muscle cell types be split into?

A
  1. Striated muscle

2. Non striated muscle

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8
Q

What can striated muscle be divided into?

A

Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

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9
Q

What can non striated muscle be divided into?

A

Smooth muscle

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10
Q

Give three features of skeletal muscle

A
  1. Myoglobin present
  2. voluntary control
  3. Direct nerve- muscle communication
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11
Q

Give three features of cardiac muscle

A
  1. Myoglobin present
  2. Involuntary control
  3. Indirect nerve- muscle communication
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12
Q

Give 3 features of smooth muscle

A
  1. Myoglobin absent
  2. Involuntary control
  3. No direct nerve muscle communication
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13
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A red protein that is structurally similar to a single sub unit of haemoglobin. It is an oxygen storing molecule which provides oxygen to working striated muscles.

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14
Q

What is the difference between haemoglobin and myoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin has the capacity to carry CO2 whereas myoglobin doesn’t

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15
Q

What happens to myoglobin when striated muscle dies(muscle necrosis)

A

Myoglobin is releases into the bloodstream (myoglobinuria)

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16
Q

How is myoglobin removed from the blood?

A

By the kidney through the urine - tea coloured urine

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17
Q

Define sarcolemma

A

The outer membrane of a muscle cell

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18
Q

Define saroplasma

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell

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19
Q

Define sarcosome

A

The mitochondrion

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20
Q

Define sarcomere

A

The contraction unit in striated muscle

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21
Q

Define sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell - contains calcium ions needed for contraction

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22
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A

To contract

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23
Q

What is movement dependent on?

A

Direction of muscle fibre contraction

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24
Q

Regarding direction of movement, where is tension created at?

A

Origin tendon point

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25
Q

Regarding direction of movement, where is movement created at?

A

Insertion tendon point

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26
Q

Do thin skeletal muscle fibres needs less or more blood?

A

Less

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27
Q

Do thick skeletal muscle fibres need less or more blood?

A

More

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28
Q

What is a striated muscle called?

A

Muscle fibre

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29
Q

How many myofibrils do each striated muscle cell(fibre) contain?

A

Numerous

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30
Q

Which is the thin filament in the sarcomere?

A

Actin

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31
Q

What is the thick filament in a sarcomere?

A

Myosin

32
Q

Which band in the sarcomere is the dark band?

A

A band

33
Q

Which band in the sarcomere is the light band?

A

I band

34
Q

What type of activities are slow twitch muscle fibres used for?

A

Endurance type activities

35
Q

What kind of activities are type 2b fast twist fibres used for?

A

Strength/anaerobic type activities

36
Q

Why are slow twitch muscle fibres red?

A

Have many mitochondria

37
Q

Why are type 2A fast twitch muscle fibres(intermediate)red to pink?

A

Have many to intermediate mitochondrial numbers

38
Q

Why are type 2B fast twitch muscle fibres white?

A

Have few mitochondria

39
Q

Which twitch fibres are aerobic?

A

Slow twitch and intermediate fast twitch

40
Q

Which twitch fibres are anaerobic/

A

Type 2B fast twitch fibres

41
Q

Which twitch fibres have a rich capillary supply and which don’t?

A

Slow twitch fibres and type 2A fast twitch fibres have rich capillary supply.

Yep 2B fast twitch fibres have poor capillary supply

42
Q

Which twitch fibres have high myoglobin levels?

A

Slow twitch fibres and type 2A

43
Q

Which twitch fibres have low myoglobin levels?

A

Type 2B fast twitch fibres

44
Q

Which twitch fibres have many cytochromes?

A

Slow twitch and type 2A

45
Q

What two things do continued muscle contraction depend upon?

A
  1. Calcium ions

2. Amount of ATP

46
Q

What is the main storage molecule for type 2B fast twitch fibres?

A

Glycogen

47
Q

What is the main storage molecule for type 2A fast twitch fibres?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

48
Q

What is the main storage molecule for slow twitch fibres?

A

Fatty acids

49
Q

Give 4 features of cardiac muscle

A
  1. striations
  2. centrally positioned nuclei (1 or 2 per cell) 3.intercalated discs
  3. branching (arrows)
50
Q

What are 2 similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Both striated muscles

2. Contraction mechanisms are similar

51
Q

Give 8 differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

In cardiac muscle:

  1. the muscle fibres are not as wide as those of skeletal muscle.
  2. the nuclei are positioned centrally and are cigar-shaped.
  3. there are usually only one or two nuclei per cell.
  4. the muscle fibres branch and join together (anastomose).
  5. Sarcomere not so developed
  6. No T-tubules in sarcoplasmic reticulum
  7. Only one contractile cell type - cardiomyocyte
  8. Cardiomyocytes communicate through gap junctions
    - (in intercalated disk)
52
Q

Which naturietic peptide is released by the heart during heart failure which affect the ventricle?

A

Brain-type naturietic peptide

53
Q

Which naturietic peptide is released by the heart during heart failure which affects the atria?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)

54
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Enlargement of individual cells

55
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Multiplication of cells

56
Q

Purkinje fibres are large cells with?give 3

A
  1. Abundant glycogen
  2. Sparse myofibrils
  3. Extensive gap junction sites
57
Q

What is the name when heat is smaller than normal?

A

Atrophy

58
Q

Why do purkinje fibres have lots of glycogen?

A

Glycogen is a very good conductor of electricity for electrical transmission

59
Q

Give 6 features of smooth muscle cells

A
  1. Spindle-shaped (fusiform)
  2. single central large nucleus
  3. Not striated
  4. no sarcomeres
  5. no T tubules
  6. Capable of being stretched substantially
60
Q

How is contraction in smooth muscle different to contraction in skeletal or cardiac muscle?

A

Contraction in smooth muscle is slower, more sustained and requires less ATP

61
Q

What shape are smooth muscle cells?

A

Spinel shaped(fusiform)

62
Q

How long can smooth muscle stay contracted for?

A

Hours or days

63
Q

Describe skeletal muscle including where it is found

A

Voluntary muscle responsible for the movement of the skeleton and structures such as the eye and tongue

64
Q

Describe cardiac muscle including where it is found

A

Involuntary muscle found only in the heart

65
Q

Describe smooth muscle including where it is found

A

Involuntary visceral muscle, found in the uterus/bladder and associated with tube-like structure, e.g.
the gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, lymphatics and conducting airways of the respiratory tract

66
Q

Muscle fibres (cells) are each surrounded by a loose connective tissue called the ——1——. The cells (fibres) are arranged in bundles called fascicles that are enclosed in a slightly thicker loose connective tissue called the ——2——. Bundles of fascicles constituting the muscle belly are enclosed by an even thicker, denser connective tissue called ——-3——. Collectively, this becomes a muscle.

Fill in the gaps

A
  1. Endomysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. epimysium
67
Q

Muscle striations are only visible in which kind of section? Longitudinal or transverse?

A

Longitudinal

68
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle

A
  1. Many myofibrils (that are made from myofilaments that create the striated patterns) make up a muscle cell()fibre.
  2. The Multiple muscle fibres come together in a tight arrangement that uses a loose connective tissue arrangement of collagen and reticular fibres which bind the muscle cells (fibres) together to create an even stronger muscle structure (the fascicle)
  3. Which in turn joins with a series of other fascicles to generate a complete muscle.
69
Q

Is it possible to repair skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle cells cannot divide but can regenerate by mitotic activity of satellite cells, so that hyperplasia follows muscle injury. Satellite cells can also fuse with existing muscle cells to increase mass (skeletal muscle hypertrophy)

70
Q

Is it possible to repair cardia muscle?

A

Adult cardiac muscle is incapable of regeneration Following damage, fibroblasts invade, divide, and lay down scar tissue

71
Q

Is it possible to repair smooth muscle?

A

Smooth muscle cells retain their mitotic activity and can form new smooth muscle cells.

72
Q

List 3 differences between cardiac and smooth muscle?

A
  1. Smooth muscles do not contain sarcomeres
  2. Electrical conduction- specialised cells/routes in cardiac muscle
  3. No troponins in smooth muscle
73
Q

List 4 similarities between cardiac and smooth muscle

A
  1. Nuclei are central not peripheral
  2. Only one contractile cell type
  3. Acts as a syncytium(wave like function)
  4. Myocytes communicate through gap junctions- cardiomyocytes - intercalated disk
74
Q

Which factor of cardiac muscle helps identify the type of muscle in histology pictures?

A

Intercalated disk

75
Q

Describe cardiac innervation and contraction

A
  • A neurotransmitter is released which acts on the sarcolemma of the myocyte.
  • This induces an electrical signal within the cell which acts in the T tubule within the sarcomere which then interacts with a voltage gated calcium channel called the dihydropyridine receptor.
  • A conformational change in the protein occurs which results in a conformational change in the adjacent protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum called the ryanodine receptor
  • the conformational change in the ryanodine receptor causes the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm
  • the calcium bind to troponin c on actin causing tropomyosin to change shape and expose myosin binding sites.
  • Myosin binds to actin and a cross bridge is formed

Semester 1 - Body Logistics (16 decks)

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