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Semester 1 - Body Logistics > 1. Homeostasis > Flashcards

1. Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Homeo=sameness and stasis=standing still

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2
Q

What needs to be maintained constant in the internal environment?

A
  • Concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, salt and other electrolytes
  • Concentration of nutrients, waste products
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Volume and pressure
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3
Q

What is a fundamental technique that the body uses to maintain homeostasis?

A

Feedback loops - positive and negative

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4
Q

What is the normal human body temperature range?

A

37 ± 0.5 °C.

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5
Q

What does the core body temperature depend on?

A

time of day, physical activity, time in the menstrual cycle and age

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6
Q

What does fluctuation in body temperature throughout the day show?

A

Circadian rhythm

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7
Q

Describe the components of a negative feedback loop

A

Stimulus to sensor to control to effector back to stimulus

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8
Q

What 4 things occur when the temperature is too hot?

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Sweating
  3. Pilorelaxation
  4. Stretching out
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9
Q

How does vasodilation help lower the temperature?

A

Arterioles dilate so more blood enters skin capillaries so more heat lost from the surface of the skin

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10
Q

How does sweating help lower the temperature?

A

Sudorific glands secrete sweat which removes heat when water changes state

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11
Q

What is pilorelaxation and how does it help lower the body temperature?

A

It is when hairs of the body lay flat- means less air trapped by the hairs so less of an insulating layer so more heat lost

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12
Q

How does stretching out help lower the body temperature?

A

By opening up, the body has a larger surface area so more heat lost

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13
Q

What things occur when the temperature is too cold?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Shivering
  3. piloerection
  4. curling up
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14
Q

How does vasoconstriction help to increase the body temperature?

A

Arterioles get smaller to reduce blood going to the skin so less heat lost from the surface of the skin.

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15
Q

How does shivering help increase the body temperature?

A

Repaid contraction and relaxing of skeletal muscles causes heat to be produced by respiration

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16
Q

How does piloerection help increase the body temperature?

A

Hairs on skin stand up so trap a layer of insulating air so less heat lost

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17
Q

How does curling up increase the body temperature?

A

Making yourself smaller so smaller surface area so less heat lost

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18
Q

What are the primary thermoregulatiry effectors?

A
  • Skin blood vessels
  • Sweat glands
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Brown adipose tissue
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19
Q

What is pyrexia and what causes it?

A
  • When a person is infected, toxins from bacteria and chemicals produced by the immune system (particularly interleukin 6; IL-6) known as pyrogens increase the set point in the hypothalamus to a higher temperature.
  • This initiates heat generation through shivering and increased metabolic rate so that an increase in body temperature is achieved.
  • When above 38.5°C this is known as fever (pyrexia)
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20
Q

How does an increases temperature help in fighting pathogen?

A

increase in temperature is important because at these temperatures the immune system works optimally. Increased temperature can also help to kill off microbes or stop them reproducing.

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21
Q

What is rigor?

A

Rigor- an episode of shaking or exaggerated shivering which can occur with a high fever

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22
Q

What triggers rigors?

A

Rigors are triggered by the presence of chemicals called pyrogens in the blood which are produced by white blood cells when fighting an infection.

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23
Q

What are the 3 steps of increasing temperature than normal?

A
  1. Fever. 38 - 40
  2. Heat stroke. 40-46
  3. Heat exhaustion. 46+
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24
Q

What are the symptoms of fever?

A

Pale sweaty skin, cramps in stomach, arms and legs

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of heat stroke?

A

Flushed dry skin, hot to the touch, strong bounding pulse

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26
Q

What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion?

A

Unconsciousness/fitting/seizure, confused/restless, headache,dizzy, uncomfortable

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27
Q

What are the 3 stages of decreasing temperature below normal?

A
  1. Mild hypothermia. 36-32
  2. Severe hypothermia. 32-28
  3. No vital signs. 28-
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28
Q

What are the signs of mild hypothermia?

A

Shivering, fatigue, slurred speech, confusion, forgetfulness, muscle stiffness

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29
Q

What are the signs of severe hypothermia?

A

Shivering stops, muscles become rigid, very slow and weak pulse, noticeable drowsiness, severe reduction in response levels

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30
Q

What are the signs of no vital signs?

A

Unconsciousness, dilated pupil, pulse detectable, appearance of death.

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31
Q

When temperature is below 28 C, what is the rule?

A

Not dead until warm and dead

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32
Q

What does pH mean?

A

Power of hydrogen

33
Q

What is the normal pH range?

A

7.35-7.45

34
Q

What are the 2 major organs responsible for mintaining acid base balance?

A

Lungs- respiratory balance

Kidneys- metabolic balance

35
Q

What is it called when the pH of blood is less than 7.35?

A

Acidosis

36
Q

What is it called when the pH of blood is greater than 7.45?

A

Alkalosis

37
Q

What are the signs an symptoms of acidosis?

A
  • Headaches
  • Confusion
  • Feeling tired
  • Tremors
  • Coma
38
Q

What are the two types of acidosis?

A
  1. Metabolic acidosis

2. Respiratory acidosis

39
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

caused by increased production of metabolic acids, such as lactic acid or an inability to excrete acid via the kidney

40
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis?

A

caused by excessive buildup of carbon dioxide due to hypoventilation

41
Q

What is the normal range for gastric pH?

A

1.5-3.5

42
Q

How do antacids work?

A

antacids neutralise acids by virtue of their alkalinity, But also their solubility is a factor – aluminium hydroxide is MILDLY alkaline, but because it is insoluble is a good neutraliser.

43
Q

What is fluid balance?

A

amount of water gained each day = amount of water lost to the environment.

44
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

water inside cells

45
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

fluid surrounding the cells

46
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid that surrounds cells but is outside the blood vessels

47
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

fluid that surrounds cells but is inside the blood

48
Q

What are the two fluid compartments?

A

Intracellular fluid an extracellular fluid

49
Q

What are the two components of extracellular fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid and blood plasma

50
Q

What percent of total body weight is fluid?

A

60%

51
Q

What fraction of the total fluid is intracellular fluid?

A

2/3

52
Q

What fraction of total fluid is extracellular fluid?

A

1/3

53
Q

What percentage of extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid?

A

75%

54
Q

What percentage of extracellular fluid is plasma?

A

25%

55
Q

What affects the total body water of an individual?

A

The higher the percentage body fat, the lower the percentage of total body water

56
Q

Why are there differences in total body water in males and females?

A

females have a lager mass of adipose tissue which is only 10% water compared to males who have a greater average muscle mass which is 75% water.

57
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

The solute concentration inside cells is higher than the outside so water moves into cells - can lead to cells swelling and eventually bursting

58
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

The solute concentration inside the cell is equal to the concentration outside the cell so the amount of water transported into the cell is equal to the amount transported out

59
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Solute concentration inside cells is lower than the outside so water is transported out from the cell causing the cell to shrink

60
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Osmolarity is the concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles of solute particles per litre of solution

61
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Osmolality is the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per kilogram

62
Q

What is considered when calculating osmolarity?

A

Volume of the solution

63
Q

What is considered when calculating osmolality?

A

Mass of the solution

64
Q

What is the unit for osmolarity?

A

mOsm/L

65
Q

What is the unit for osmolality?

A

mOsm/Kg

66
Q

What does osmolarity depend on?

A

Temperature and pressure

67
Q

What does osmolality depend on?

A

It does not depend on temperature and pressure

68
Q

What is an example of negative feedback? Describe how it works

A

Control of blood glucose

69
Q

Between which compartments can water move?

A

Water movements can occur between the ECF and ICF and between the subdivisions of the ECF but generally not within the ICF. Under normal circumstances, the ECF and ICF are in osmotic equilibrium so no large scale circulation occurs between the two compartments.

70
Q

What determines the movement of water between the compartments?

A

The movement of water between compartments and across cell membranes is mainly determined by the differences in hydrostatic and osmotic pressures on either side of these barriers.

71
Q

What creates hydrostatic forces?

A

Hydrostatic forces are created by the pumping action of the heart(which tends to push water out of the plasma)

72
Q

What creates osmotic pressure?

A

osmotic pressures is created by the concentration of solute particles(which tends to draw water out of the interstitial fluid and into the plasma)

73
Q

How do you measure osmotic pressure?

A

osmotic pressure can be measured from the number (concentration) of solute molecules present in a solution.

74
Q

What happens if there is not enough water?

A
  • Cells and tissues initially absorb water from interstitial space
  • Then from each other (sacrifice of cells)
  • Then as tissues die, water absorbed from organs
  • Then as organs dies, water absorbed from brain, liver and lastly kidney and heart
75
Q

What causes dehydration?

A

Picture

76
Q

What is Capillary Plasma Oncotic Pressure

A

Because the capillary barrier is readily permeable to ions, the osmotic pressure within the capillary is principally determined by plasma proteins that are relatively impermeable. Therefore, instead of speaking of “osmotic” pressure, this pressure is referred to as the “oncotic” pressure or “colloid osmotic” pressure because it is generated by colloids. Albumin generates about 70% of the oncotic pressure. The greater the number of plasma proteins, the greater the oncotic pressure, and water moves into the capillaries

77
Q

What is Tissue (interstitial) Oncotic Pressure

A

The oncotic pressure of the interstitial fluid depends on the interstitial protein concentration. The more permeable the capillary barrier is to proteins, the higher the interstitial oncotic pressure

78
Q

What is the normal ph range in veins and arteries?

A

Veins - 7.35

Arteries 7.45

Semester 1 - Body Logistics (16 decks)

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