7E Flashcards
What is the aircraft Datum
A reference point where measurements are taken from
What is an Arm (weight and balance)
distance between CoG and the datum
What is a moment
Force about a point (Force x Distance)
How to calculate balance
Sum of moments around fulcrum = 0
How to find CoG for multiple weights
- Measure the arm of each weight in inches from the datum.
- Multiply each arm by its weight in pounds to determine the moment in pound-inches of each
weight. - Determine the total of all weights and all moments. Remember that the board is assumed to
have negligible weight. - Divide the total moment by the total weight to determine the CG in inches from the datum
What are the three parts to a weight and balance report
A - Basic Weight
B - Variable Load
C - Loading information
Where can you find CoG limits for an aircraft
Type certificate
weight and balance
aircraft specification
What happens when the CoG is too far Aft
- Aircraft becomes unstable and will struggle to recover from stall
- Aircraft will be put in a nose up position
What happens to plane when CoG is to far forward
- elevator might not be able to produce enough force to rotate on take off and flare on landing
- aircraft must fly at a higher angle of attack meaning drag will increase
- take off and landing runs are lengthened
which direction from the datum is positive
Aft
Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
Imaginary aerofoil that has all of the aerodynamic characteristics of the actual aerofoil
can be thought of as the chord drawn through the geographic centre of the plan area of the wing
CoG is sometimes specified as a percentage of the MAC
LEMAC
leading edge mean aerodynamic chord
maximum ramp weight
maximum weight approved for ground manoeuvre
maximum zero fuel weight
maximum weight of an aircraft without fuel
Ballast
“artificial” weight added to the plane to bring the CoG into the desired range
What precautions must you take with propellers
- treat all propellers as if they’re live
- props appear stationary under strobe lighting
Measures to reduce FOD
Protective covers, FOD walk downs, positive tool control program
Flashing green control tower light
Cleared to cross runway or to move onto taxiway
Steady red control tower light
Stop immedietly
Flashing red control tower light
Move off runway or taxiway and watch out for aircraft
Flashing white control tower lights
vacate the manoevring area and follow local instructions
Flashing runway or taxiway lighting
Vacate manoeuvring area and observe tower for signal
When towing or taxiing aircraft, what lights must be on
Navigation and red anti collision light
What is the max turning angle for the front nose wheel
65 degrees
Procedure for towing an aircraft
- Ensure nose and main undercarriage locks are installed.
- Remove the earth lead and external power lead (if connected).
- Install the tow bar at the approved tow attachment point, e.g. the nose-wheel strut.
- Ensure a qualifed person is in the cockpit.
- Turn on the navigation lights.
- Remove the wheel chocks.
- Release the brakes.
- Tow the aircraft at a speed not exceeding walking pace.
- Park the aircraft, engage the aircraft brakes and chock the wheels. The type of aircraft and the aircraft’s handling procedures determine which brakes are used, either the aircraft’s or the tow motors.
- Remove the tow bar from the aircraft.
- Connect the earth lead.
What does a jacking symbol look like
A ‘k’ rotated 90 degrees
When lowering the jack, how far away must the collar continuously sit
no furthan than 1 inch
What is a gust lock used for
primarily used on small planes
secures unpowered flight controls from large gusts of wind
What type of knot should be used when mooring a plane
Bowline knot
chocking aircraft
stops wheels from moving
allows for the parking brake to be turned off so the wheels can dissipate heat
Purpose of fuel tank vents
Vents allow air to replace the fuel as it is consumed by the engine, preventing atmospheric pressure from collapsing the tank or wing or causing fuel starvation
They allow fuel to replace the air as the tank is refuelled, preventing internal pressure from
exceeding the structural strength of the tank or wing.
Forms of water contamination in aircraft
Dissolved - doesn’t cause engine operation problems while in solution
Free - Bulk pockets of water
Visual water contamination check
take a 1L sample from the bottom of the fuel tank in a glass container. Visually inspect there is no sediment or water bubbles
T or F - Always attatch grounding cable to Aircraft connection first
False
what is the order of grounding an aircraft for refueling
- Ground to aircraft
- Tanker to ground
- Tanker to aircraft
- Person to aircraft
- Fuel nozzle to aircraft at refuel station
Difference between anti and de-icing
Anti-icing is prevention of buildup whereas de-icing is removing ice that has already built up
Which areas of the aircraft must not be directly sprayed with de-icing fluid
Windows
Radome
Pitot tubes
Tires and brakes
Coolant intakes and vents
Engine and APU intakes and exhausts
Flight control hinges and flap tracks
Ground power unit (GPU)
electrical power supply from a mobile cart with a generator. Used for power on the ground without having to turn the engines on and burn fuel
Why is there a third, different shaped pin for the DC power supply
To ensure correct polarity and the power supply is fitted the right way.
Additionally, if the power supply is accidentally removed, power will be broken at the connector pin and not the plug. This prevents arcing at the pins (Interlock sensing)
Ground start unit
Supplies pneumatic power to the aircraft to start up the plane
Types of environmental hazards
Snow, Ice, Strong winds, electrical storms, Rain, Dust, Volcanic ash, Low visibility
During electrical storms do not:
refuel, connect headset to aircraft, shelter under aircraft wings, use a telephone, hold metal objects
Marshalling signal - Identify parking gate
Raise fully extended arms straight above head with wands pointing up
Marshalling signal - straight ahead
Bend extended arms at elbows and move wands up and down from chest height to head
Marshalling signal - Proceed to next signaller
Point both arms upwards, move and extend arms outwards to sides of body, and point with wands to direction of next signaller or taxi area.
Marshalling signal - Turn left
With right arm and wand extended at a 90° angle to body, make ‘come ahead’ signal with left hand. The rate of signal motion indicates to pilot the rate of aircraft turn
Marshalling signal - Slow down
Move extended arms downwards in a ‘patting’ gesture, moving wands up and down from waist to knees
Marshalling signal - Slow down engine(s) on indicated side
With arms down and wands towards ground, wave either right or left wand up and down, indicating engine(s) on left or right side respectively should be slowed down
Marshalling signal - Normal stop
Fully extend arms and wands at a 90° angle to sides and slowly move to above head until wands cross
Marshalling signal - Emergency stop
Abruptly extend arms and wands to top of head, crossing wands
Marshalling signal - Chocks inserted
With arms and wands fully extended above head, move wands inwards in a ‘jabbing’ motion until wands touch. Ensure acknowledgement is received from flight crew
Marshalling signal - Chocks removed
With arms and wands fully extended above head, move wands outward in ‘jabbing’ motion. Do not remove chocks until authorised by crew.
Marshalling signal - Cut engine(s)
Extend arm with wand forward of body at shoulder level; move hand and wand to top of left shoulder and draw wand to top of right shoulder in a slicing motion across throat
Marshalling signal - Start engine(s)
Raise right arm to head level with wand pointing up and start a circular motion with hand; at the same time, with left arm raised above head level, point to engine to be started
Marshalling signal - Set brakes
Raise hand just above shoulder height with open palm. Ensuring eye contact with flight crew, close hand into a fist. Do not move until receipt of thumbs-up acknowledgement from flight crew
Marshalling signal - Fire
Move right-hand wand in a fanning motion from shoulder to knee, while at the same time pointing with left-hand wand to area of fire
Marshalling signal - Establish communication via interphone
Extend both arms at 90° from body and move hands to cup both ears
Marshalling signal - Connect ground power
Hold arms fully extended above head, open left hand horizontally and move fingertips of right hand to touch open palm of left hand (forming a T)
A conditional inspection is an unscheduled inspection conducted as a result of a specific over-limit or abnormal event. What are some scenarios that will require a special inspection
Lightning strike, Heavy landing, severe turbulence, over temperature conditions, bird strike
How many phases are involved in a heavy landing special inspection
2
Examples of direct lightning strike damage
holes in fuselage
burnt metals
Examples of indirect lightning strike damage
Comms and navigation systems working improperly
upset wire shielding and terminations
What areas of the aircraft are lightning strikes (Entry and exit) normally found
Nose and Radome
Engine nacelles
Wing tips
Horizontal and vertical stabs
What is the first step to an inspection
Do a general visual inspection
What is a Service Bulletin (SB)
Normally accompanied by an airworthy directive (AD), tells engineers how to do special maintenance tasks
Serviceable labels must contain:
Component name
Component repair documentation
Fitting references
Installation record
Component shelf life
A major defect is one that may affect the safety of the aircraft. Some of these defectd are:
Engine failure/shutdown
- Significant fuel contamination
- Acute starvation of fuel
- Power plant res or defects revealing fire
hazards
- Failure of a component vital to engine operation
- Cracks in the primary structure
- Corrosion of the primary structure
- Defects causing failure of the undercarriage to retract or extend
What is an Airworthiness Directive (AD)
A directive by the manufacturer to modify or undertake specific maintenance on an aircraft.
What are the 2 types of AD’s?
- Urgent: Needs to happen immediately/ASAP
- Non-Urgent: Must be complied with within a certain time period (flight hours, cycles, calendar days etc)
What are the 2 types of aircraft modification?
- Mandatory
- Optional
What is a “serviceable” label and what does it show?
Indicates the item is good to use
Usually has at least some of these items:
-Component name
-Reference note
-Fitting reference
-Install note
-Shelf life
What is shelf life and what does it normally apply to?
Shelf life is how long an item can remain usable provided it has not been opened or used
Usually labeled for perishable items like lubricant, sealants, rubber seals etc
What can make an item that is not normally subjected to shelf life control become subjected to it?
Any items with defects or premature failures
What are the main methods of determining service life
Calendar Days
Airframe Hours
Cycles
Engine Hours
Acronyms for tracking life limited components
TSO: Times Since Overhaul
TSN: Times Since New
CSO: Cycles Since Overhaul
CSN: Cycles Since New
LSN: Landings Since New
LSO: Landings Since Overhaul
