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Chemistry!! > 7A Hydrogen Chloride > Flashcards

7A Hydrogen Chloride Flashcards

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1
Q

What was named “Muriatic Acid”?

A

A solution of Hydrogen chloride gas

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2
Q

Where does Hydrogen chloride occur?

A
  1. Free state

2. In Volcanic gases and in gastric juices of mammals.

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3
Q

Why is the bond in HCl polar?

A

Difference in Electronegativities of H and Cl the bond in HCl is polar covalent.

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4
Q

What are the 2 ways in which hydrogen chloride gas is prepared?

A
  1. Direct combination or Synthesis

2. By reaction of a metallic chloride with Concentrated H2SO4

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5
Q

Give the 1st method by which HCl can be prepared.

A
  1. Moist Hydrogen gas combines with chlorine in the presence of diffused sunlight.

H2 + Cl2 —> (Diffused sunlight) 2 HCl (gas)

  1. The reaction is explosive in direct sunlight and negligible in the dark.
  2. Moisture acts as a catalyst in the above synthesis reaction.
  3. Burning jet of hydrogen also burns in chlorine forming hydrogen chloride.
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6
Q

Give the results if the condition of the reaction in the direct combination reaction, preparation of Hydrogen Chloride is changed.

A

The reaction is explosive in direct sunlight and negligible in the dark.
Moisture acts as a catalyst in the above synthesis reaction.

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7
Q

What is the second method in the preapration of the hydrogen chloride?

A

Reaction of a metallic chloride with conc. sulphuric acid
Metallic Cl + Sulphuric acid —> Metallic Bisulphate + HCl (g)
NaCl + H2SO4 (Conc.) —-> (<200*) NaHSO4 + HCl (g)

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8
Q

What is the second method in the preapration of the hydrogen?

A

Reaction of a metallic chloride with conc. sulphuric acid
Metallic Cl + Sulphuric acid —> Metallic Bisulphate + HCl (g)
NaCl + H2SO4 (Conc.) —-> (<200*) NaHSO4 + HCl (g)

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9
Q

What is the laboratory method?

A

From sodium chloride and Conc. H2SO4

Heating a metallic chloride [NaCl] with Conc. Sulphuric Acid [H2SO4]

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10
Q

What is rock salt?

A

NaCl

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11
Q

Laboratory method:

Reactants:

A

Sodium Chloride and Conc. Sulphuric Acid

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12
Q

Laboratory method:

Products:

A

Sodium Bisulphate and Hydrogen Chloride

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13
Q

Laboratory method:

Procedure:

A

The reactants are initally slowly heated

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14
Q

Laboratory method:

Observation:

A

The HCl gas obtained in the round bottom flask passes throught the delivery tube.
Bubbles through the drying agent in the washer bottle
the dry gas is collected in the gas jar.

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15
Q

Laboratory method:

Purification:

A

By passing through the washer bottle containing the drying agent, conc. H2SO4 which absorbs moisture.

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16
Q

Laboratory method:

Collection:

A

Dry hydrogen air is collected by the upward displacement of the air.
It is heavier than the air.
It is soluble in water, not collected over water.

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17
Q

Laboratory method:

Identification:

A

A glass rod dipped in ammonium solution is brought near the mouth of the gas jar Y.
Dense white fume of ammonium chloride are formed.
NH3 + HCl -> NH4Cl

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18
Q

Give the equations when of Laboratory method:

A

Sodium Chloride (Rock Salt) + H2SO4 —> Sodium Bisulphate + HCl GaS

NaCl+ H2SO4 —-> (<200) NaHSO4 + HCl

2NaCl + H2SO4 —> (>200) Na2SO4 + 2HCl

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19
Q

Why is sodium chloride preferred?

A

It is cheap and easily available

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20
Q

Why is Concentrated H2SO4 used?

A

It is non-volatile => It has a high boiling point.

It displaces the volatile hydrogen Chloride rom the salt sodium chloride.

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21
Q

Why cant concentrated Nitric Acid be used?

A

It is volatile and may volatize out along with the hydrigen chloride.

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22
Q

Why is temperature to be mantained below X degree?

What is X?

A

X is 200 degree celcius

  1. Fuel is wasted
  2. The glass apparatus may tend to crack
  3. Sodium Sulphate, forms a hard crust, sticks to the glass and is difficult to remove.
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23
Q

At temperature less than 200 degrees, what salt is formed?

At temperature more than 200 degrees, what salt is formed?

A

NaHSO4

Na2SO4

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24
Q

How is Purification of HCl done?

A

HCl is purified by passting through Conc. H2SO4

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25
Q

Why is H2SO4 used as the drying agent and what are the 2 other drying agents which is not to be used why?

A

Drying agents should only remove the moisture and not react with it
Quick lime ad P2O5 are other alternatives but they react with HCl forming the respective chloride.
CaO + HCl —> CaCl2 + H2O
P2O5 + HCl —> POCl3 + HPO3

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26
Q

How is HCl gas collected?

A

HCl has is collected by the upward displacement of air.

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27
Q

HCl is ___ times heavier than air.

A

1.28 times

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28
Q

Give points on density of HCl.

A
  1. HCl is1.28 times heavier than air.

2. HCl is denser than ammonia but lighter than SO2

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29
Q

Why is HCl not collected over water?

A

Since it is highly soluble in water.

1 Vol dissolves 452 volumes of HCl at ordinary temperature.

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30
Q

Name the gases that are heavier than air?

A

HCl, SO2, H2S, O2, Cl2 and CO2

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31
Q

Name the gases that are lighter than air.

A

NH3 and H2 (lightest)

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32
Q

Name the gas that is almost as heavy as air

A

N2

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33
Q

Name the gases that are highly soluble in water?
Name the gases that are fairly soluble in water?
Name the gases that are slightly soluble in water?

A

HCl, NH3, SO2
Cl2, CO2, H2S
H2, N2 and O2

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34
Q

What is Phosphurus oxychloride and Meta phosphoric acid

A

POCl3

HPO3

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35
Q

Give the timeline for HCl

A
  1. 1648 -> Glauber prepared HCl gas from rock salt and H2SO4
  2. 1772 - Josepth priestly obtained it in pure form and named its solution Marine Acid
  3. It was later named Muriatic acid by lavoisier
  4. 1810 -> Davy gave the name HCl
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36
Q

Give the color, Odour and taste of HCl gas:

A
  1. Colorless
  2. Pungent and Choking odour
  3. Slight Sour in taste.
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37
Q

Physiological nature:

HCL GAS

A
  1. Non-Poisonous

2. Causes burning sensation if inhaled

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38
Q

Liquefaction, BP and FP

A

Around 10* at 40 atmos pressure

  • 83 degrees
  • 113 degrees
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39
Q

Densitry of HCl is

A

1.28 times heavier than air

40
Q

Solubility of hydrogen chloride gas:

A

Highly soluble in water. 1 vol - 452 vol.

  • HCl has fumes in moist air -> High solubility mist of droplets of HCl acid
  • Fountain experiment
41
Q

What is the experiments to show HCl gas is heavier than air?

A
  1. Simple experiment
42
Q

Simple experiment:

Apparatus:

A
  1. Dry gas jar filled with Dry HCl gas

2. An empty gas jar, in which a purning candle is placed

43
Q

What are the things to be written in an experiment?

A
  1. Apparatus
  2. Procedure
  3. Observstion
  4. Inference
44
Q

Simple Experiment:

Procedure:

A
  1. HCl gas from the dry jar is poured into the lower jar containing the burning candel
45
Q

Simple exeriment:

Observation:

A
  1. Displaces the air from the lower jar
  2. Hence burning candle is extinguished
  3. Blue Litmus turns red when placed in lower jar
46
Q

Simple Exeriment:

Inference:

A

HCl is heavier than air

47
Q

An experiment to demonstrate the high solubility of HCl gas in water

A

Fountain Experiment

48
Q

Fountain Experiment:

Apparatus:

A
  1. Dry round bottom flask filled with dry HCl gas.
  2. Mouth of the flask has a rubber stopper: 2 holes:
    a) Jet tube b) Dropper containing water
  3. Blue Litmus paper in trough below
49
Q

Fountain Experiment

Procedure:

A

Dropper containg water is squeezed and the water enters the flask

50
Q

Fountain Experiment

Observation:

A
  1. HCl gas in the flask dissolves in water -> High solubility
  2. Created a partial vacuum in flask.
  3. Outside pressure higher the inside pressure
  4. Pushes the blue litmus solution up the jet tube -> Red fountain
51
Q

Fountain Experiment

Inference:

A

HCl gas is highly soluble in water and acidic in nature

52
Q

Combustibility of HCl

A
  1. Non-Combustible

2. Non-Supporter of combustion

53
Q

What is Thermal dissociation?

A

Reversible thermal Decomposition

54
Q

Thermal dissociation:

A

HCl —> (>500) H2 +Cl2

55
Q

HCl + NH3

A
  1. Jar of HCl is inverted over NH3
    (Heaviness)
  2. 2 gases form solid compound —> NH4Cl
56
Q

If metal can form 2 chlorides

A

The lower chloride is formed!!!

57
Q

How is Hydrochloric Acid prepared?

A
  1. Dissolving HCl gas in water

2. Special funnel Arrangement

58
Q

Direct absorption of HCl gas in water using a delivery tube causes

A

Back suction

59
Q

Back Suction:

A
  1. Very high solubility of HCl gas
  2. If a delivery tube thorugh which HCl gas is passed is directly immersed =>
  3. Rate of absorption is high and a partial vacuum is created in the tube.
  4. Pressure is higher outside-> water pushed up into the delivery tube
  5. Damages apparatus
60
Q

Why is special arrangement used?

A

To avoid back suction

Funnel Arrangement

61
Q

What are the 2 advantages of special funnel arrangement

A
  1. Minimized back suction

2. Provides large surface area for absorption of HCl gas

62
Q

Describe the special funnel arrangement?

A

The rim of the funnel is places so that it just touched the trough containing water

63
Q

The process in special funne

A 
If back suction occurs ->
Water rises up the funnel 
The level outside the funnel drops
air gap between the surface of water and rim of water
Pressure equlizes -> Water falls
64
Q

The process continues till?

A

The water is saturated =>

HCl acid is formed

65
Q

Properties of HCl:

Color

A

Colorless

66
Q

Properties of HCl:

Odour and Taste

A

Slightly Pungent Odour and sharp sour taste

67
Q

Properties of HCl:

Physiological nature

A

Corrosive in nature,

Blisters in skin

68
Q

Properties of HCl:

Density

A

1.2 gm /cc

40% by weight of acid

69
Q

Properties of HCl:

Boiling point

A

Constant boiling mixture:

  1. 8
  2. 2% by HCl
70
Q

Why cant Dilute HCl cant be concentrated by boiling?

A

On boiling

Mixture evolves out the capours of both acid and water in same proportion as in liquid.

71
Q

Why is HCl acidi?

A

Presence of H+ ions –> Aq solution of HCl

72
Q

Solutions:
Water:
Toluene:

A

Ionizes
Water -> Polar, Exhibits acidic properties and electrolyte
Toluene -> Non-Polar, Doesnt exhibit acidic properties and non-electrolyte

73
Q

Reaction that proves that HCl contains Hydrogen`

A

Active metal + HCl

74
Q

What are the powerful Oxidising Agents?

A 
MnO2 [Manganese [IV] Oxide]
PbO2 [Lead [IV] Oxide]
Pb3O4 [Red Lead -> Trilead tetroxide]
KMnO4[Potassium permangante]
K2Cr2O7[Potassium dichromate]
75
Q

What is Red Lead?

A

Pb3O4

Tri Lead Tetroxide

76
Q

How do the Strong oxidising agents react?

A

Salt + Water + Chlorine

77
Q

Potassium permangante and Potassium dichromate forms

A

2 salts, one of each metal

78
Q

Oxiding agent (HNO3) + HCl

A

Salt + Water + Chlorine (Nascent)

79
Q

What is aquaregia?

A

HNO3 : HCl = 1:3 (by volume)

80
Q

HNO3 + HCl

A

NOCl + H2O + [Cl] (nascent)

81
Q

What is Nitrosyl Chloride?

A

NOCl

82
Q

What reacts with noble metals forming the corresponding soluble chlorides?

A

Nascent Chlorine

83
Q

Au + Cl

Pt + Cl

A

AuCl3

PtCl4

84
Q

Why ia aqua regia special?

A

Dissolves al noble metals wihc the other metals do not dissolve.

85
Q

What are the 3 Tests of HCl

A
  1. Glass rod of NH4OH
  2. AgNO3
  3. MnO2
86
Q

First method of testing

A
  1. Glass rod dipped in Ammonia solution bought near the vapours of HCl acid
    NH3 + HCl —-> NH4Cl
    Dese white fume of Ammonium Chloride are formed.
87
Q

Second method of testing

A

Addition of AgNO3 to dil. HCl
[Acidified with dil. HNO3]

Curdy white precipitate of Silver Chloride obtained
AgNO3 + HCl —> AgCl + HNO3

88
Q

Solubility of AgCl

A

Soluble in excess NH4OH

Insoluble in dilute HNO3 and Cold water

89
Q

AgCl + NH4OH —>

A

[Ag(NH3)2] Cl (Diamine silver chloride) + H2O

90
Q

How do you distinguish dilute HCl from dilute HNO3?

A

AgNO3 added to dilute HCl aslo distinguished HCl from Dilute HNO3

91
Q

Heat on mixture of MnO2 and Conc. HCl

A

MnCl2 + H20 + Cl2

92
Q

Industrial Uses of HCl

A
  1. Dyes, Drugs and Paints
  2. Silver Chloride
  3. Glucose from starch
93
Q

Industries which use HCl

A
  1. Tanning (leather)

2. Soldering Works

94
Q

General uses:

A
  1. Glue from bones
  2. Pickling before galvanizing
  3. Aqua Regia
95
Q

How is glue extracted from bones?HC

A

HCl dissolves Calcium Phosphate present in the bone

96
Q

How is Pickling of metals done before galanizing?

A

HCl dissolves the metallic oxide coating impurities on the surface of the metal
Cleans the surface

Chemistry!! (6 decks)

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