78 Revision Flashcards
How to improve reliability
Calculate the mean and repeat the test 3 times
CIDSAM =
Control variable Same (stays the same)
Independent variable Alter (change)
Dependent variable Measure
SLAPUK
Scale
Lines
Axis
Points
Units
Key
Animal cell
Cell membrane, ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm
Plant cell
Nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane, vacuole, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, chloroplast, vacuole membrane
Nucleus
Controls the cell and contains its genetic information
Chloroplast
contain a green chemical used to produce food from sunlight, in a process called photosynthesis.
Cell membrane
a barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell.
Cytoplasm
the jelly-like substance where lots of chemical reactions happen.
Mitochondria
uses food to release energy through a chemical reaction called respiration.
Vacuole
contain cell sap and help to keep the cell firm.
Cell wall
strengthen the cell and provide support.
Ribosomes
Makes proteins in the cell
The 7 nutrients
Carbohydrates, minerals, proteins, lipids, water, vitamins, dietary fibre
Carbohydrates
Use: to provide energy
Example: bread, pasta, rice
Protein
Use: For growth and repair
Examples: fish, meat, eggs, beans
Minerals
Use: Needed in small amounts to maintain health
Examples: salt, milk (for calcium) and liver (for iron)
Lipids
Use: to provide energy. Also to store energy in the body and insulate it against the cold.
Examples: Butter, nuts, oil
Dietary fibre
Use: To provide roughage to help keep the food moving through the gut
Examples: Vegetables, bran
Water
Use: needed for cells and body fluids
Examples, water, fruit juice, milk
Vitamins
Use: needed in small amounts to maintain health
Examples: vegetables, dairy foods, fruits
Food test for starch
The iodine test with a colour change of yellowy-brown to bluey-black
Food test for glucose
The Benedict’s test with a colour change of blue to brick red
Food test for protein
The Biuret’s test with a colour change of blue to purple
Food test for fat
The grease spot test with a colour change from opaque to clear
Organs of the digestive system
Oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, anus
What is chemical digestion?
When enzymes digest/breakdown food into nutrients
What is physical digestion?
The breaking down of food particles into smaller particles eg. Chewing or stomach contractions
What is peristalsis?
Muscular waves of contraction that push food through your digestive system.
What is indigestion?
Pain or discomfort in the upper part of your stomach.
What is digestion?
The process by which food can be broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
What is absorption?
Absorption is the process that takes place post digestion. In this process, the digested food within the small intestine is now transported to the blood via the help of villi on the inner walls of the small intestine.
Where does absorption occur?
In the small intestine which has microvilli to increase the surface area
What is an enzyme?
A protein that acts as a biological catalyst - speeds up digestion.
What enzymes are there?
Protease which breaks down proteins
Lipase which breaks down lipids
Carbohydrase which breaks down carbohydrates
Where are enzymes found?
In the mouth, the stomach and the pancreas (the ones in the pancreas get released into the small intestine)
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What are the 5 kingdoms?
Protoctists, bacteria, fungi, animals, plants
Note: all life can be classified into the 5 kingdoms
Main features of bacteria
Has a cytoplasm, a cell membrane and a cell wall
Main features of protoctists
Has cytoplasm, a cell membrane, a nucleus, a mitochondria and some types have a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Main features of fungi
Has cytoplasm, a cell membrane, a nucleus, a mitochondria and a cell wall
Main features of plants
Has cytoplasm, a cell membrane, a nucleus, mitochondria, a cell wall and chloroplasts (everything basically)
Main features of animals
Has cytoplasm, a cell membrane, a nucleus and mitochondria
Where do fungi get their nutrition from?
Nutrition from decomposition and mode of nutrition is called saprotrophic nutrition (releasing enzymes onto their food and taking in the soluble products of digestion)
Key processes of the carbon cycle
Respiration, photosynthesis, combustion and decomposition
What do fungi and bacteria do in recycling carbon?
Dead organisms, urine and faeces are broken down into simpler carbon compounds by bacteria or fungi
What does the term pathogen mean?
It means something which causes disease
Bacterial Cell
Contains pili/pilus, cytoplasm, loop of dna, ribosomes, capsule, cell membrane, flagellum
