7.7=7.8 orbital shapes and energies

Question 1

how is the meaning of an orbital represented most clearly

Answer 1

by a probability distribution

Question 2

what are areas of zero probability called (p.270)

Answer 2

nodes

Question 3

what are three representations of probabilities

Answer 3

1) wave function
2) slices of 3D electron density
3) surfaces that contain 90% of total electron probability

Question 4

for hydrogen atoms, how is the energy of a particular orbital determined

Answer 4

by its value of n, all orbitals with same n value (on same energy level) have the same energy, said to be degenerate

Question 5

what is the pauli exclusion principle

Answer 5

ina given atom, no two electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers

Question 6

how does pauli exclusion principles apply to the electron spin

Answer 6

since, in a same orbital, electrons have the same ml, l and n numbers, ms must be diferent : one spins up while the other spins downs (1/2, -1/2)