7.3 Themes in Central and Southern Africa

Question 1

What 5 things motivated British expansion?

Answer 1

-Berlin Conference
-Economic Gain
-Moral Reasons
-Strategic reasons
-Jingoistic reasons

Question 2

How did Berlin conference motivate British expansion?

Answer 2

Caused occupation of:
-Northern/Southern Nigeria
-Uganda
-Kenya
-Basutoland
-Bechuanaland
-British Somaliland
-Nyasaland

Question 3

How did Economic Gain cause British Expansion?

Answer 3

-Gold and Diamonds discovered in areas: West Griqueland, Transvaal, OFS
-Access to palm oil gained from Nigeria

Question 4

How did Moral Reasons cause British Expansion?

Answer 4

Bechuanaland: Missionary work by John Mackenzie
Zanzibar: Prevention of slave trade

Question 5

How did Strategic reasons cause British Expansion?

Answer 5

Sudan - prevented French expansion
Kenya - Access to Indian Ocean for trade with Asia
Some colonies joined Empire after WW1 because of League of Nations mandates, such as: Tanganyika, British Cameroons, British Togoland

Question 6

How did Jingoistic reasons cause British expansion?

Answer 6

-Sir Bartle Frere exaggerated threat from Zulus to justify expansion into: Zululand, Transvaal
-Cecil Rhodes desired to dominate and control Southern Africa motivated expansion in: Southern/Northern Rhodesia
-Second Boer War led to expansion into: Transvaal, OFS

Question 7

What were different things that motivated British Imperial Policy?

Answer 7

-Exploration/Imperial claims
-Global Depression
-European Competition
-Uitlander’s rights
-Railway Imperialism
-Religious Imperialism
-Dual Mandate
-Welfare State in Britain
-New Post-War Markets
-Apartheid
-Wind of Change Speech

Question 8

How did Exploration/Imperial claims motivate British Imperial Policy?

Answer 8

British government funded several exploratory expeditions in Africa in order to continue expansion
-Burton, Speke and Hanning received funding to explore Zanzibar and inland regions South-East Africa.

Question 9

How did Global Depression motivate British Imperial Policy?

Answer 9

Long Depression which affected economy between 1873 and 1896 was a key motivator for Britain to find new financial schemes to boost economy and prevent bankruptcy
-Decision to purchase shares in Suez Canal 1875 driven by this
-Increase in chartered companies in this period driven by money-saving necessity as it was far cheaper for British government if a company administered a colony

Question 10

How did European Competition motivate British Imperial Policy?

Answer 10

-Brussels Conference and Berlin Conference both clear evidence of Britain using Negotiation with their European Imperial rivals to make gains in Africa through Scramble, -Britain able to secure control of Sudan due to agreement with French after Fashoda Incident

Question 11

How did Uitlanders rights motivate British Imperial Policy?

Answer 11

Dispute over Uitlanders rights in SA went on for some time. Uitlanders arrived in the 1871 Diamond Rush and were still not allowed to vote 1899 at outbreak of Second Boer War

Question 12

How did Railway Imperialism motivate British Imperial Policy?

Answer 12

Miles of track laid is in the tens of thousands, Cecil Rhodes dream of a “Cape to Cairo” railway network never completed, several major projects finished such as the Ugandan Railway

Question 13

How did Religious Imperialism motivate British Imperial Policy?

Answer 13

Sudanese Mahdists and Mad Mullah’s Dervishes in British Somaliland are two examples of Britain acting to subdue extremist religious beliefs of indigenous nationalists

Question 14

How did Dual Mandate motivate British Imperial Policy?

Answer 14

Lord Lugard’s book about join British responsibilities of securing administration and economic benefits for the British, as well as natives by decentralising control and training them to govern on their own - caused many British administrators to follow “trustee principle” where they saw themselves as guardians whose job it was to prepare Africa for Independence

Question 15

How did Welfare State in Britain motivate British Imperial Policy?

Answer 15

Clement Attlee’s Labour government in 1945 introduced a programme of social reforms to Britain
-Forcing Britain to becoming introspective, looking inwards at itself to rebuild and invest in schemes like the NHS, a new education system, pension reform, and social housing schemes.
-Put tight restrictions on Britain’s imperial policy as they couldn’t afford to invest in Empire as well as Britain

Question 16

How did new post-war markets motivate British Imperial Policy?

Answer 16

-Cooking oil shortage following ww2 led to ill-fated Tanganyika Groundnut scheme 1946

Question 17

How did Apartheid motivate British Imperial Policy?

Answer 17

-This policy of state controlled racial segregation dictated British in South Africa, Northern/Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland
-This because British wanted to prevent spread of Apartheid into other areas

Question 18

How did Wind of Change Speech motivate British Imperial Policy?

Answer 18

-Gave clear direction for British Imperial policy for a new modern era, beginning in the 1960’s
-Decolonise to save money

Question 19

What were 9 areas studied for indigenous response to British Rule?

Answer 19

-British Somaliland
-Gold Coast
-Kenya
-Nigeria
-Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland
-Southern Rhodesia
-Tanganyika
-Uganda
-Zanzibar

Question 20

What were indigenous responses in British Somaliland?

Answer 20

-Faced serious challenge in 1899 when “Mad Mullah” incited Dervish resistance movement
-Dervish challenged for over a decade, until 1920, following advancement of military aircraft, British gained an advantage
-Mad Mullah died 1921

Question 21

What were indigenous responses in Gold Coast?

Answer 21

-Several Anglo-Ashanti wars to try and contain British expansion of Gold Coast territory
-Nationalism came from groups: West African Students Union (WASU), Convention Peoples Party (CPP)
-Key national leader from Gold Coast was Kwame Nkrumah, became PM of Gold Coast before independence

Question 22

What were indigenous responses in Kenya?

Answer 22

-Nationalist protest to British rule came largely from Kikuyu people whose land had been taken away by British for decades to be given to white settlers
-Nationalism hard fought for 70 years by:
-YKA,EEA,KCA,KASU,KAU,KANU
Two main nationalist leaders in Kenya:
-Harry Thuku
-Jomo Kenyatta
-Mau Mau militant extremist branch of the Kikuyu, their 1952-60 rebellion supressed by torture from British at Hola Camp

Question 23

What were indigenous responses in Nigeria?

Answer 23

-Nigerian nationalism is a really complex thing because Nigeria made up of so many different tribes that there wasn’t ever a “Nigerian” identity or culture to campaign for
-Key groups within Nigeria include: WASU, NCNC
-Main nationalist leader in Nigeria was Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe who became independent Nigeria first President

Question 24

What were indigenous responses in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland?

Answer 24

-Kenneth Kaunda noted nationalist leader in Northern Rhodesia, been an ANC member for years before founding Zambian African National Congress
-1960 Kaunda became first President of UNIP, first president of newly independent Zambia 1964
-Dr Hastings Banda led nationalist cause in Nyasaland

Question 25

What were indigenous responses in Southern Rhodesia?

Answer 25

-Nationalism led by white settlers, Rhodesian front led by Ian Smith who took inspiration from Apartheid policies spreading from South Africa
-Smith became PM in 1964 on anti-black rule programme
-1965, Smith issued Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965

Question 26

What were indigenous responses in Tanganyika?

Answer 26

-Mandated to Britain by League of Nations so nationalism was aimed at both the British and the League
-Julius Nyerere was main nationalist leader and founded Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). Became president following Independence

Question 27

What were indigenous responses in Uganda?

Answer 27

-Apollo Milton Obote led nationalist cause as a member of the Uganda National Congress (UNC)
-Obote appointed PM of Uganda before independence and first president afterwards

Question 28

What were indigenous responses in Zanzibar?

Answer 28

-Early nationalist opposition to British influence culminated in 38 minute war
-Following British victory there was little threat to British interest in region