7.2 South Africa Flashcards
What were economic reasons for expansion in SA (BEFORE-1890)?
-Livingstone states “I go back to Africa to try open up a path for commerce and Christianity”
-Eureka Diamond 1867 and Star of South Africa Diamond 1869, diamond mining major industry
-1886, gold discovered in Boer territory of Witwatersrand
-1889, Cecil Rhodes BSAC formed, which later received royal charter
What were moral reasons for expansion in SA (BEFORE-1890)?
-Livingstone statement before Zambezi expedition 1857
-1877, British annex Transvaal under guise of protecting from Zulu attack
-John Mackenzie worked to convince British government to established a protectorate to defend Church of England/Anglican converts from Boer invaders
What were political/strategic reasons for expansion in SA (BEFORE-1890)?
-Lord Carnarvon call for unity
-June 1879, Anglo-Zulu war ended with Britain defeating and annexing more Zulu territory
-Between 1880 and 1881 Transvaal Boers rose in rebellion, 1881 Britain recognised Transvaal and orange free state as self-governing nations
When was the Second Boer War?
1899-1902
What were three types of causes for the Second Boer War?
Political causes, Economic Causes, Ambitions of Individuals as Causes
What were Political Causes of the Second Boer War?
-Lord Carnarvon’s call for unity in 1875
-Annexation of Transvaal in 1877
-first Boer War 1880-81
What were economic causes of the Second Boer War?
-Diamond rush as a result of discovery as early as 1867
-Discovery of gold from 1886
What were ambitions of individuals as causes for the second Boer war?
-The Jameson Raid 1895-96
What happened in Lord Carnarvon’s call for unity in 1875?
He suggested the Boer territories of the Transvaal and Orange Free State and British territories should unite as this should create economic and political stability
-While it was a popular idea with the British, it was highly unpopular with the Boers concerning their regional identity
How did British occupation of Transvaal begin?
Annexed 1877 Sir Bartle Frere became High Commissioner for SA and warned of threat from Zulus believing they would invade Cape Colony as well as Boer areas. So the British annexed Transvaal to protect it. Boers were weak at this time since its President T.F. Burgers was lax about tax collection
What was the Jameson Raid of 1895-96?
Cecil Rhodes organised a raid into the Transvaal hoping to create political instability by encouraging local British miners to revolt against Paul Kruger and demand voting rights.
-Raid failed and increased tension between Boers and British, as well as Cecil Rhodes resignation as PM Cape Colony
What were political consequences of the Second Boer War?
-Transvaal and OFS annexed (Treaty of Vereeniging)
-Britain ended policy “splendid isolation”, signed entente France 1904
-Free elections for self-governing bodies held 1906
-National efficiency 1906
-Het Volk formed 1907
-Union of South Africa 1910
What was Het Volk, formed in 1907?
Afrikaner party that was committed to a union of Southern Africa and to racial segregation in the region
What was Union of South Africa, formed in 1910?
Made as a result of the South Africa Act 1909, which unified OFS, Transvaal, Natal and Cape colony into single state. Union was formed 1910 and declared a Dominion of British Empire
What were economic consequences of Second Boer War?
-Cost £217m taxpayers money
-Britain gave Transvaal and OFS £3 mil to rebuild
What were social consequences of Second Boer War?
-22,000 British and 7,000 Boer soldiers died during war
-Het Volk emerged from 1907 and supported racial segregation
-Jingoism and Imperialism in Britain reduced significantly with British ashamed of tactics used on Boer civilians
How was the Second Boer War declared?
Milner and Kruger met in Bloemdontein to discuss situation in the region, Milner demanded vote for miners in the region whilst Kruger argued British troops must withdraw from border
-Talk increased tension, Kruger issued an ultimatum demanding British remove troops from border and issue settled through arbitration, British rejected and war declared
How was South Africa involved in WW1?
-Dominion of the British Empire, British declaration of war on Germany in 1914, automatically brought SA into the conflict
-Opportunity for Union of South Africa to prove worth
-Some Afrikaners angered by South Africa participation and rebelled against Boer government 1914
-PM Louis Botha had rebellion put down, however this led to formation of Afrikaner National Party which supporter persecution of Black Africans
How was South Africa involved in the League of Nations Mandates?
-After ww1, SA played a part in peace talks, becoming a signatory of Treaty of Versailles
-Treaty of San Remo granted SA a class C mandate over SW Africa, which it occupied until 1968
How was South Africa involved in Joining the Commonwealth?
-Statute of Westminster 1931 granted SA equal status to Britain in Commonwealth of Nations
-Following adoption of statue, white minority government in SA started to consolidate its power bringing increasingly divisive racial policies
How was South Africa involved in WW2?
-Declared war on Germany on its own 1939, wasn’t an easy decision as PM of SA at the time was a member of an anti-Britain party Afrikaner National Party
-Hertzog issued neutrality when Hitler invaded Poland
-Rejected by pro-Britain South African Party who had majority in SA parliament
-Hertzog replaced by Jan Smuts September 4th
-SA troops used in NA campaign to stop Nazis from reaching middle eastern oil fields
How was South Africa involved in Post-war peace making?
1945, SA become one of 51 founding members of the United Nations
How was South Africa involved in Apartheid?
-Afrikaner National Party formed government in 1948 and formally adopted policy of apartheid (segregation and discrimination based on race)
-Non-white population suffered incredible inequality
-ANC took direct action against the government
-Violence increasingly common from both sides and reached peak in 1960 Sharpeville Massacre
How did the African National Congress (ANC) take action against the government?
-March 1950: “Defend free speech” convention
-May Day 1950: “Stay at home” strike
-1952-1955: The defiance campaign
