7.3 Research On Crime And Deviance Today

Question 1

Race + Criminal Justice System

Answer 1

Race interacts with our criminal justice system to allow some deviants to enter mainstream society while cutting off those same pathways for others

Question 2

David Garland

Answer 2

He argues that 3 feature of the American political system at the federal and state level explain the historical development of capital punishment in America:

• The state’s relative autonomy from the national (federal-level) state via devolution
• The local control of the power to punish
• The political dominance from small groups

Question 3

What does the 8th Amendment Prohibit

Answer 3

• Excessive bail
• Excessive fines
• Cruel and unusual punishment

Question 4

Death Penalty

Answer 4

Death penalty is allowed but it requires due process.

The states decide whether to allow the death penalty

If execution is allowed, the states determine the methods

Question 5

Harvey Molotch

Answer 5

Hé argues that profiling on the basis of specific characteristics can help people become deviants by showing them which rules they need to circumvent

He believes that social order is best maintained by practices that individuals themselves negotiate rather than practices imposed by a higher authority

Question 6

Reporting Crimes

Answer 6

Criminologists think that about half of all serious crimes, and an even larger proportion of less serious crimes, go unreported

Question 7

What Can Crimes in the US Likely be Attributed To

Answer 7

• The availability of firearms
• The general influence of the frontier tradition
• The subcultures of violence in large cities

Question 8

Gender and Crime

Answer 8

There is an imbalance in the ratio of men to women in prison

Differences between male and female rates of crime are likely contribuable to differences in socialization and the attachements that may deter one group from committing deviant acts

Question 9

Crime Against Women

Answer 9

Only about 1/3 of instances of rape and sexual assaults are reported to the police

It is estimated that 1/4 of women are victims of violence at some point, but all women face the treatment of such crimes directly or indirectly

Question 10

Crimes Against LGBTQ+ Population

Answer 10

Because sexual minorities remain stigmatized and marginalized in many societies, they are more often blamed as victims rather than viewers as innocent victims

This notion ultimately denies both the essential personhood and rights of the victim

EX.
Lesbian women and gay men who display their sexual identities in public are often blamed for making themselves vulnerable to crime

Question 11

Power + Crimes

Answer 11

Crimes by people in positions of power and wealth can have farther-reaching consequences than petty crimes often committed by the poor

Question 12

White Collar Crime

Answer 12

Criminal activities carried out by those in white-collar, or professional jobs.

Most white-collar crimes do not appear in official statistics; perpetrators rarely go to jail

Question 13

Corporate Crime

Answer 13

Offenses committed by large corporations in society

The effects of corporate crime disproportionately affect those who are disadvantaged by other socioeconomic inequalities

EX. Pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations

Question 14

6 Types of Violations (Corporate Crime)

Answer 14

1. Administrative
2. Environmental
3. Financial
4. Labour
5. Manufacturing
6. Unfair Trade Practices

Question 15

Cyber Crime

Answer 15

Criminal activities by means of electronic networks or involving the use of information technologies

The majority of cyber crimes against American companies go unreported

Question 16

Emerging forms of Cybercrime

Answer 16

1. Money laundering
2. Personal Identity Theft
3. Electronic Vandalism
4. Monitoring Electronic Correspondence