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MCAT Biology > 7.2 Blood > Flashcards

7.2 Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

By volume, does blood tend to have more liquid or more cells?

A

Liquid (55%)

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2
Q

The liquid portion of blood is called _____.

A

Plasma

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3
Q

The cellular portion of blood consists of what 3 major categories?

A
  1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  2. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  3. Platelets
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4
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind how many molecules of oxygen?

A

Four

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5
Q

True or false: oxygen dissolves in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

A

False: oxygen is a nonpolar molecule

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6
Q

Discuss one special feature of mature red blood cells.

A

Mature RBCs do not contain membrane-bound organelles. This allows room for molecules of hemoglobin and prevents mitochondria from metabolizing oxygen.

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7
Q

Red blood cells rely entirely on what metabolic process to produce ATP?

A

Glycolysis

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8
Q

Red blood cells can live for approximately how many days before they are phagocytized?

A

120 days

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9
Q

Hemoglobin in the blood is measured in what units?

A

g/dL (grams per deciliter)

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10
Q

Hematocrit is a measurement of what?

A

How much of the blood sample consists of RBCs

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11
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells) comprise how much of the total blood volume?

A

Less than 1 percent

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12
Q

What are the two major classes of leukocytes?

A
  1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

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13
Q

List the 3 types of granular leukocytes.

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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14
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

A
  1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

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15
Q

Lymphocytes are important in what type of immune response?

A

Specific immune response

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16
Q

Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow are called _____ cells.

A

B cells

17
Q

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus are called _____ cells.

A

T cells

18
Q

Once monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter an organ, they are called _____.

A

Macrophages

19
Q

What are macrophages called when in (1) the central nervous system, (2) skin, and (3) bone?

A
  1. Microglia
  2. Langerhans cells
  3. Osteoclasts
20
Q

Thrombocytes or platelets are cell fragments or shards released from cells in bone marrow known as _____.

A

Megakaryocytes

21
Q

The production of blood cells and platelets is called _____.

A

Hematopoiesis

22
Q

This hormone stimulates production of RBCs. It is secreted by what organ?

A

Erythropoietin; the kidneys

23
Q

This hormone stimulates mainly platelet development. It is secreted by which two organs?

A

Thrombopoietin; the kidneys and liver

24
Q

RBCs express surface proteins called _____.

A

Antigens. In general, an antigen is any specific target (usually a protein) to which the immune system can react.

25
Q

What are the two major antigen families relevant for blood groups?

A
  1. ABO antigens

2. Rh factor

26
Q

If the A allele is present on one chromosome and the B allele is present on the other chromosome, the individual’s blood type will be _____.

A

AB (both are expressed)

27
Q

Is the O allele recessive or dominant to both the A and B alleles?

A

Recessive. People with type O blood do not express either variant of this protein and have a homozygous recessive genotype.

28
Q

What are the four blood types?

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. AB
  4. O
29
Q

A universal donor has what blood type?

A

O (Specifically, O-negative)

30
Q

Individuals with this blood type are universal recipients.

A

AB (specifically, AB-positive)

31
Q

True or false: whole blood is almost never given in a transfusion.

A

True: packed red blood cells (with no plasma) are generally given.

32
Q

What is the most common blood type in the United States?

A

O-positive

33
Q

Rh factor is sometimes referred to using what letter?

A

D

34
Q

What condition, which can be fatal to a fetus during a second pregnancy, occurs when an Rh-negative mother is carrying an Rh-positive child?

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

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