7.2 Blood

Question 1

By volume, does blood tend to have more liquid or more cells?

Answer 1

Liquid (55%)

Question 2

The liquid portion of blood is called _____.

Answer 2

Plasma

Question 3

The cellular portion of blood consists of what 3 major categories?

Answer 3

1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
2. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
3. Platelets

Question 4

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind how many molecules of oxygen?

Answer 4

Four

Question 5

True or false: oxygen dissolves in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

Answer 5

False: oxygen is a nonpolar molecule

Question 6

Discuss one special feature of mature red blood cells.

Answer 6

Mature RBCs do not contain membrane-bound organelles. This allows room for molecules of hemoglobin and prevents mitochondria from metabolizing oxygen.

Question 7

Red blood cells rely entirely on what metabolic process to produce ATP?

Answer 7

Glycolysis

Question 8

Red blood cells can live for approximately how many days before they are phagocytized?

Answer 8

120 days

Question 9

Hemoglobin in the blood is measured in what units?

Answer 9

g/dL (grams per deciliter)

Question 10

Hematocrit is a measurement of what?

Answer 10

How much of the blood sample consists of RBCs

Question 11

Leukocytes (white blood cells) comprise how much of the total blood volume?

Answer 11

Less than 1 percent

Question 12

What are the two major classes of leukocytes?

Answer 12

1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

Question 13

List the 3 types of granular leukocytes.

Answer 13

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Question 14

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

Answer 14

1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

Question 15

Lymphocytes are important in what type of immune response?

Answer 15

Specific immune response

Question 16

Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow are called _____ cells.

Answer 16

B cells

Question 17

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus are called _____ cells.

Answer 17

T cells

Question 18

Once monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter an organ, they are called _____.

Answer 18

Macrophages

Question 19

What are macrophages called when in (1) the central nervous system, (2) skin, and (3) bone?

Answer 19

1. Microglia
2. Langerhans cells
3. Osteoclasts

Question 20

Thrombocytes or platelets are cell fragments or shards released from cells in bone marrow known as _____.

Answer 20

Megakaryocytes

Question 21

The production of blood cells and platelets is called _____.

Answer 21

Hematopoiesis

Question 22

This hormone stimulates production of RBCs. It is secreted by what organ?

Answer 22

Erythropoietin; the kidneys

Question 23

This hormone stimulates mainly platelet development. It is secreted by which two organs?

Answer 23

Thrombopoietin; the kidneys and liver

Question 24

RBCs express surface proteins called _____.

Answer 24

Antigens. In general, an antigen is any specific target (usually a protein) to which the immune system can react.

Question 25

What are the two major antigen families relevant for blood groups?

Answer 25

1. ABO antigens | 2. Rh factor

Question 26

If the A allele is present on one chromosome and the B allele is present on the other chromosome, the individual's blood type will be _____.

Answer 26

AB (both are expressed)

Question 27

Is the O allele recessive or dominant to both the A and B alleles?

Answer 27

Recessive. People with type O blood do not express either variant of this protein and have a homozygous recessive genotype.

Question 28

What are the four blood types?

Answer 28

1. A 2. B 3. AB 4. O

Question 29

A universal donor has what blood type?

Answer 29

O (Specifically, O-negative)

Question 30

Individuals with this blood type are universal recipients.

Answer 30

AB (specifically, AB-positive)

Question 31

True or false: whole blood is almost never given in a transfusion.

Answer 31

True: packed red blood cells (with no plasma) are generally given.

Question 32

What is the most common blood type in the United States?

Answer 32

O-positive

Question 33

Rh factor is sometimes referred to using what letter?

Answer 33

D

Question 34

What condition, which can be fatal to a fetus during a second pregnancy, occurs when an Rh-negative mother is carrying an Rh-positive child?

Answer 34

Erythroblastosis fetalis