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BRS 7: Dermatology > 7.1: Intro To Dermatology pt1 > Flashcards

7.1: Intro To Dermatology pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Basement membrane (dermal-epidermal junction)
Dermis
Subcutaneous fat

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2
Q

What is the epidermis composed of

A

Keratinocytes

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3
Q

Where in the epidermis do cells divide in

A

Basal layer

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4
Q

Cell types of the epidermis

A

Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum (palms and soles only)
Stratum corneum

Progressive differentiation / flattening towards surface

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5
Q

Why is the skin thicker on palms and soles

A

Composed of stratum lucidum, no nuclei or organelles, tougher skin

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6
Q

Characteristics of stratum corneum

A

No nuclei or organelles

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7
Q

Cellular progression of epidermis

A

From basal layer to the surface
Takes 30days
Accelerated in skin diseases e.g psoriasis

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8
Q

Structure of the epidermis

A

Gap junctions
Adherens junctions
Desmosomes
Tight junctions

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9
Q

Characteristics of gap junctions

A

Essential for cell synchronization, cell differentiation, cell growth and metabolic coordination

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10
Q

Role of tight junctions

A

Barrier integrity and cell polarity

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11
Q

Characteristics of desmosomes

A

Major adhesion complex in epidermis
Anchor keratin intermediate filaments to cell membrane and bridge adjacent keratinocytes
Allow cells to withstand trauma

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12
Q

3 other cells in epidermis

A

Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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13
Q

Characteristics of melanocytes

A

Dendritic
Distribute melanin pigment to keratinocytes
Number of melanocytes is equal along all skin types

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14
Q

Characteristics of langerhans cells

A

Dendritic
Antigen-presenting cells

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15
Q

Characteristics of merkel cells

A

Mechanosensory receptors

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16
Q

3 layers of the dermis

A

Supporting (Extracellular) matrix - resilience
Papillary dermis
Reticular dermis

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17
Q

Components in the skin dermis

A

Proteins - collagen (1 and 3), elastic fibres (fibrillin and elastin)
Glycoproteins - fibronectin, fibulin, integrins
Ground substance - glycosaminogylcan, proteoglycan

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18
Q

Function of glycoproteins found in skin dermis

A

Facilitate cell adhesion and cell motility

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19
Q

What % of the skin dermis is made up of collagen

A

80-85%

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20
Q

Primary cells in the dermis

A

Fibroblasts

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21
Q

5 cells within the dermis

A

Histiocytes
Mast cells
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Dermal dendritic cells

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22
Q

Vascular supply of the skin

A

Deep and superficial vascular plexus, doesn’t cross epidermis

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23
Q

Reason behind Innervation of the skin

A

Sensory
Autonomic
Cholinergic
Adrenergic

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24
Q

4 nerve cells supplying the skin

A

Meissner’s corpuscle
Ruffini corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Merkel cell (unencapsulated)

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25
Q

Characteristics of meissner’s corpuscle

A

Most concentrated in thick hairless skin
Light touch

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26
Q

Characteristics of the Ruffini Corpuscle

A

Highest density around fingernails
Sensitive to skin stretch
Monitors slippage of objects

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27
Q

Characteristics of pacinian corpuscle

A

Deep pressure
vibration -> detects surface textures
Dermal papillae of hands and feet

28
Q

Merkel cells are responsible for what kind of touch

A

Light, sustained touch, pressure

29
Q

What nerve endings are responsible for light touch

A

Meissner
Merkel
Free

30
Q

What nerve endings are responsible for touch, pressure

A

Merkel
Ruffini
Pacinian
Free

31
Q

What nerve endings are responsible for vibration

A

Meissner
Pacinian

32
Q

What nerve ending is responsible for temperature

A

Thermoreceptor

33
Q

What nerve ending is responsible for pain

A

Nociceptor - free nerve endings

34
Q

Microbiome is

A

Genome of microbiota

35
Q

Microbiota are

A

Bacteria, fungi and viruses

36
Q

Bacteria presence on the skin

A

1 million /cm2 skin
Predominantly Actinobacteria

37
Q

Role of microbiota

A

Role in immune modulation and epithelial health
Role In chronic disease

38
Q

6 functions of the skin

A

Physical barrier
Immunological barrier
Thermoregulation
Sensation
Metabolism
Aesthetic appearance

39
Q

What cells are responsible for the skin acting as an immune barrier

A

Langerhans cells

40
Q

How do Langerhans cells make the skin act as an immune barrier

A

Part of the dendritic cell / macrophage family
Sentinel cells in epidermis
Initiate immune response against microbial threats
Contribute to immune tolerance
For, dense network with which potential invaders must interact

41
Q

What self antibiotics does the skin produce

A

Antimicrobial peptides : keratinocyte-derived endogenous antibiotics-> innate immune defence against bacteria, viruses and fungi

42
Q

What is immune surveillance carried out in the dermis by:

A

Tissue resident T-cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
- rapid effective immunological backup if epidermis breached

43
Q

How does the skin act as a barrier

A

Physical barrier against external environment
Cornfield cell envelope and stratum corneum restrict water and protein loss from skin
Subcutaneous fat - important role in cushioning trauma
UV barrier
Melanin in basal keratinocytes- protection against UV- induced DNA damage

44
Q

How does the skin thermoregulate body temperature

A

Vasodilation or vasoconstriction in deep or superficial vascular plexuses
-Regulates heat loss

Eccrine sweat glands
-cooling effect

Role in fluid balance

45
Q

Metabolic function of the skin

A

-Vitamin D synthesis
-Subcutaneous fat :
Calorie reserve, 80% of total body fat, hormone (leptin) release - acts on hypothalamus : regulates hunger and energy metabolism

46
Q

2 functions of the skin determining aesthetic appearance

A

Psychosexual function
Increased risk of suicide

47
Q

3 skin appendages

A

Pliosebaceous units
Sweat glands
Nails

48
Q

6 functions of hair

A

Protection against external factors
Sebum
Apocrine sweat
Thermoregulation
Social and sexual interaction
Epithelial and melanocytes stem cells

49
Q

Two hair types

A

Terminal hairs
Vellus hairs

50
Q

Characteristics of terminal hairs and where they are found

A

Long follicle deep within the skin

Scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes

51
Q

Characteristics of vellus hairs and where they are found

A

Superficial follicle
Found in the rest of the body apart from palms, mucosal regions of lips, and external genitalia

52
Q

3 components of the hair cycle

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

53
Q

In the anagen phase of the hair cycle …

A

New hair forms and grows
85% of hair forms
2-6 years

54
Q

the catagen phase of the hair cycle is called

A

Regressing phase
1% hair, lasts 3 weeks

55
Q

The telegenic phase of the hair cycle is called

A

Resting phase
10-15% of hair, lasts 3 months

56
Q

Structure of the pilocebaceous unit

A

Composed of the : Hair shaft, hair follicle, sebaceous glands
Arrest or pili (smooth muscle) extends at angle between surface of dermis and point in follicle wall

57
Q

Two portions of the hair

A

Infundubulum and Isthmus

58
Q

Characteristics of the infundibulum of the hair

A

Uppermost portion of the hair follicle
Extending from opening of sebaceous gland to surface of skin

59
Q

Characteristics of the isthmus of the hair

A

Lower portion of the upper part of hair follicle between opening of sebaceous gland and insertion of affect or pili muscle

Epithelium keratinization begins with lack of granular layer named “trichilemmal keratinization”

60
Q

Two types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands

61
Q

Characteristics of Eccrine sweat glands

A

Almost everywhere on the skin
Open directly onto the skins surface

62
Q

Characteristics of Apocrine sweat glands

A

In areas with many hair follicles such as scalp, armpits, groin
Open into hair follicle

63
Q

Characteristics of the nail plate

A

Final product of proliferation and differentiation of nail matrix keratinocytes
Emerges from proximal nail fold
Grows 1-3mm/month
Firmly attached to nail-bed
Detaches at hyponychium
Lined laterally by lateral nail folds

64
Q

Characteristics of nail matrix

A

Produces nail plate
Lies under proximal nail fold, above bone of distal phalanx
Lunula only visible proportion
Contains melanocytes

65
Q

Differentiation of nail matrix keratinocytes results in

A

Lose their nuclei , strictly adherent, cytoplasm completely filled by hard keratins

66
Q

5 functions of nails

A

Protection of distal phalanx
Counter pressure effect to pulp- important for walking and tactile sensation
Increase dexterity / manipulation of small objects
Enchanted sensory discrimination
Scratching or grooming

BRS 7: Dermatology (3 decks)

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