7.1-7.13 Flashcards
Examples of hazardous operation include, but are not limited to:
- Interfere with me and aircraft operations
- Operating an SUAS over people not directly participating in the operation
- Loading the SUS beyond its capabilities to the point of losing control
- Failure to consider weather conditions. Your structures trees are rolling, terrain, when in a densely populated area.
- Flying near emergency responders during a crisis
The FAA recommends flying at least ________________ horizontally, from skeletal structures, like radio and television antenna towers, to be clear of guy wires
2000 feet horizontally
Good judgment on the part of the pilot dictates that aircraft should remain well clear of all_________________ , and flight below them should be avoided at all times
Unmanned free balloons
High temperature exhaust plumes can cause significant air disturbances such as __________________ and __________________.
Turbulence and wind shear. Avoid exhaust flames as much as possible that come from smokestacks and cooling towers.
As ______________, you are ultimately responsible for breathing, the participants, your clients, your crewmembers, other ground, base, crew, etc. about emergency procedures.
Remote PIC
Part of preparing for an emergency is conducting a _________________ to understand the environment that you’ll be operating in
Site survey
A good site survey may include:
- local hazards, such as towers, powerlines trees, and other structures
- Check for radio interference that may compromise communication signals between remote controller and aircraft
- magnetic interference
- Traffic patterns that may be endangered by your operation
- non-participatory bystanders that may not be aware of what you’re doing
-Wind obstruction
Examples of situations that might trigger an emergency maneuver are:
Loss of orientation
Loss of GPS signal
Compass error
Loss of direct line-of-sight
Loss of video feed
Fly-away
Erratic movement
Structures in line of flight
Birds
One of the big things to know here is that you should always be prepared to switch to your aircraft’s _____________ mode during an emergency. That’s just a general best practice and, frankly, something that not enough pilots in this industry are comfortable doing.
Manual
Another general best practice in an emergency is that, after you’ve regained control, you should _______________________. Let the adrenaline wear off, analyze the situation, and then only if it’s appropriate to do so, get back in the air.
land safely as soon as possible and turn off your aircraft
Circular patterns of rotating air left behind the wing of a large aircraft as it generates lift. The __________________ are greatest when the aircraft is heavy, slow and developing full power, such as takeoff. In this case, the _______________ tend to sink below the aircraft generating turbulence.
Wingtip vortices
You’re flying an unmanned aircraft, and a helicopter enters your airspace. What should you do?
Yield the right of away to the helicopter
When using a small UA in a commercial operation, who is responsible for briefing the participants about emergency procedures?
The remote PIC
In any sUAS flight emergency, rule #1 is to:
Maintain control of aircraft
Wingtip vortices created by large aircraft tend to
Sink below the aircraft generating turbulence
The ____________________ frequencies are the unlicensed radio frequency bands that most UAS use for the connection between the control station and the unmanned aircraft.
2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz
Both RF bands (2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz) are considered ________________, and the command and control link between the CS and the small UA will not work properly when barriers are between the CS and the UA.
line-of-sight
To avoid frequency interference, many modern sUAS operate using a _____ GHz system to control the small UA and a _______ GHz system to transmit video and photos to the ground.
2.4
5.8
Use a safety bag or fire-proof container like a metal ammo box for charging, discharging, and storage for __________________.
LiPo batteries
They can cause fires. Just because your battery comes in a protective case doesn’t mean it’s safe. Your battery charging/discharging and storage area should be free from any materials that can catch fire, such as wood tables, carpet, or gasoline containers. The ideal surface for charging and storing LiPo batteries is concrete or ceramic.
Speaking of travel, do/do not travel with a LiPo battery in your checked baggage.
do NOT travel with a LiPo battery in your checked baggage. Use a carry-on.
If your battery is __________________, it’s done-zo. Make sure to follow proper disposal procedures and find a new battery ASAP.
damaged or puffy / swollen
LiPo batteries do not work well in _______ weather.
Cold
Your unmanned aircraft has been in an accident during a commercial flight, and during the accident your lithium battery was ejected from its compartment. You notice a small dent in the battery. What should you do before flying next?
Assess the extent of the damage. You might need a new battery.
Properly maintaining your LiPo batteries can increase their useful life by 3 to 4 times, saving you a lot of money throughout the course of your career as a remote PIC. Proper maintenance includes:
Avoid subjecting the battery to moderate to really cold temperatures
When a series of judgmental errors leads to a human factors-related accident, this is sometimes referred to as the _________________, and it’s our goal to ensure we’re doing everything we can to prevent this from happening.
error chain
_______________________________ is a systematic mental approach to consistently determine the best course of action in a given situation.
Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM)
ADM involves doing things like:
Conducting an attitude assessment before flight to identify situations where a hazardous attitude might be present.
Learning how to recognize and cope with stress.
Using visual observers (VO)
Completing a thorough preflight inspection, planning for weather, familiarity with the airspace, proper aircraft loading, and performance planning to mitigate identified risks.
To prevent the final “link” in the accident chain, a remote pilot must consider _____________________. Once appropriate risk controls are developed and implemented, then the operation can begin.
Risk Management
A local TV station has hired a remote pilot to operate their small UA to cover breaking news stories. The remote pilot has had multiple near misses with obstacles on the ground and two small UAS accidents. What would be a solution for the news station to improve their operating safety culture?
The news station should recognize hazardous attitudes and situations and develop standard operating procedures that emphasize safety.
The __________ is a trained crew member, in visual line-of-sight of the UAS, who assists the pilot in the duties associated with collision avoidance and complying with the applicable rules of flight.
Visual observer
Pilots who become apprehensive for their safety for any reason should
Request assistance immediately
What is the one common factor which affects most preventable accidents?
Human error
Your unmanned aircraft has been in an accident during a commercial flight, and during the accident your lithium battery was ejected from its compartment. You notice a small dent in the battery. What should you do before flying next?
Assess the extent of the damage.
Use a safety bag or fire-proof container like a metal ammo box for charging, discharging, and storage. Yes, _____________ can cause fires
LiPo batteries
Speaking of travel, do NOT travel with _________________ in your checked baggage. Use a carry-on.
a LiPo battery
If your battery is damaged or puffy / swollen, it’s ________________.
No good
Temperature matters. Always store your LiPo batteries in a ___________________.
cool, dry place
Related to this, __________________ do not work well in cold weather. The colder it is, the shorter your battery life will be due to the slowing down of the chemical activity within the battery.
LiPo batteries
When a series of judgmental errors leads to a human factors-related accident, this is sometimes referred to as the ____________.
error chain
______________________________ is a systematic mental approach to consistently determine the best course of action in a given situation.
Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM)
______________________ involves considering the hazards of a given operation, determining the risk severity, and then developing a plan to lessen (or to mitigate) the risk to an acceptable level. By documenting and compiling these processes over time, you can build an arsenal of safety practices that will add to the safety and success of future operations.
Strong risk mitigation
The __________ is a trained crew member, in visual line-of-sight of the UAS, who assists the pilot in the duties associated with collision avoidance and complying with the applicable rules of flight.
Visual Observer
A series of judgemental errors which can lead to a human factors-related accident is sometimes referred to as the
Error chain
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) is a
A) systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action for a given set of circumstances.
What is the one common factor which affects most preventable accidents?
Human error
_________________________ is the effective use of all available resources—human, hardware, software and information—prior to and during flight to ensure the successful outcome of the operation. It is the art and science of managing all the resources that are available to the remote pilot-in-command prior and during flight. That includes resources both on board the aircraft and from outside sources.
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
Good CRM includes:
Good communication procedures and methods, task management,
And other resources such as weather briefing, air traffic control (ATC), the FAA, local pilots, and landowners.
_________________________ describes the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions that affect safety before, during, and after flight.
situational awareness
_____________________, as part of the Aeronautical Decision-Making process, relies on situational awareness, problem recognition and good judgment to reduce the risks associated with each flight.
Risk management
To avoid missing important steps, always use the appropriate ______________. In fact, consistent adherence to approved ______________ is a sign of a disciplined and competent pilot.
checklists
When adapting crew resource management (CRM) concepts to the operation of a small UA, CRM must be integrated into
all phases of the operation
The effective use of all available resources—human, hardware, and information—prior to and during flight to ensure the successful outcome of the operation is called:
Crew Resource Management
An extreme case of a pilot getting behind the aircraft can lead to the operational pitfall of
loss of situational awareness
Risk management, as part of the Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) process, relies on what features to reduce the risks associated with each flight?
Situational awareness, problem recognition, and good judgement.
Use the PAVE model to identify hazards:
P - Pilot-in-Command: Am I healthy for flight and what are my personal limitations based upon my experience operating this sUAS?
- IMSAFE method
A - Aircraft: Have I conducted a preflight check of my sUAS (aircraft, control station (CS), takeoff and landing equipment, etc.) and determined it to be in a condition for safe operation?
V - Environment: What is the weather like? Am I comfortable and experienced
E - External Pressures: Am I stressed or anxious? Is this a flight that will cause me to be stressed or anxious? Is there pressure to complete the flight operation quickly? Am I dealing with an unhealthy safety culture, meaning that there are not strong policies and procedures in place?
Use the DECIDE model to help you continually evaluate each operation for hazards and to analyze risk:
Detect – the fact that a change has occurred
Estimate – the need to react to or counter the change
Choose – a desirable outcome for the flight or situation
Identify – actions to control the change successfully
Do – take the necessary actions
Evaluate – the effects of the action to react to or counter the initial change
To improve situational awareness, we do everything we can to consider our environment and all of its moving parts before, during, and after flight. One example is to monitor the ______________________________ to get a good idea of what traffic conditions to expect before entering, say, Class B airspace.
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)
If advice is needed concerning possible flight with an illness, a pilot should contact
an Aviation Medical Examiner.
Who is responsible for determining whether a pilot is fit to fly for a particular flight, even though the pilot holds a current and valid remote pilot certificate?
The pilot
5 Hazardous Attitudes:
- Anti-Authority
Don’t tell me. This attitude is found in people who do not like anyone telling them what to do. - Impulsivity
Do it quickly. This is the attitude of people who frequently feel the need to do something, anything, immediately. - Invulnerability
It won’t happen to me. Many people feel that accidents happen to others but never to them. - Machismo (or Macho)
I can do it. Remote pilots who are always trying to prove that they are better than everyone else are thinking, “I can do it – I’ll show them.” - Resignation
What’s the use? Remote pilots who think, “What’s the use?” do not see themselves as being able to make a great deal of difference in what happens to them.
Identify the hazardous attitude or characteristic a remote pilot displays while taking risks in order to impress others?
Macho
You have been hired as a remote pilot by a local TV news station to film breaking news with a small UA. You expressed a safety concern and the station manager has instructed you to “fly first, ask questions later.” What type of hazardous attitude does this attitude represent?
Impulsitivity
What is the first step in neutralizing a hazardous attitude in the ADM process?
Recognition of hazardous thoughts
What is the antidote when a pilot has the hazardous attitude of “Impulsivity?”
Not so fast think first
What is the antidote when a pilot has the hazardous attitude of “Antiauthority?”
Follow the rules.
What is the antidote when a pilot has the hazardous attitude of “Resignation?”
I am not helpless.
A pilot feels that accidents never happen to him. He recognizes this as a hazardous attitude. To counter this old attitude, he should have a new attitude that realizes __________________.
This could happen to them
What should a pilot do when recognizing a thought as hazardous?
Label the thought as hazardous and then correct that thought by stating the corresponding antidote.
The basic drive for a pilot to demonstrate the “right stuff” can have an adverse effect on safety, by
generating tendencies that lead to practices that are dangerous, often illegal, and may lead to a mishap.
sUAS operations conducted under Part 107 are not subject to the equipment requirements of Part 91 for manned aircraft pilots, meaning that unless your airspace authorization or waiver paperwork explicitly requires it, you do/do not need to purchase a handheld radio. That said, having a radio to tune into local airport broadcasts and aircraft radio chatter may help provide stronger situational awareness
Do NOT
The standard aviation format of radio communications is:
Who you’re calling;
Who you are (call sign);
Where you are; and
What you want.
To identify who you are to an ATC tower, you …
state the aircraft type, model or manufacturer’s name, followed by the digits/letters of the registration number.
Again, broadcasting over the radio as a remote pilot is/is not recommended and requires separate training and an FCC license. But if you are broadcasting, use your discretion here and don’t overload the controller with information he or she doesn’t need.
Is not
Civilian air ambulance flights responding to medical emergencies will be expedited by ATC when necessary. And when that’s happening, these flights use the call sign ________________ followed by the aircraft type and registration letters/numbers.
“Lifeguard”
If an airport does not have a control tower, there are a few ways for manned aircraft pilots to communicate their intention and to obtain airport / traffic information when operating in the vicinity of the airport:
By communicating with a Flight Services Station (FSS)
By communicating with a UNICOM operator
By making a self-announce broadcast
The____________________________ is what you’ll want to tune into. It’s a frequency designated for pilots to communicate with each other directly, air-to-air, while operating to or from an airport without an operating control tower.
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)
On pilot request,________________ stations may provide pilots with weather information, wind direction, the recommended runway, or other necessary information.
UNICOM
When there’s a non-towered airport and UNICOM isn’t available, a pilot will use the _________ frequency to communicate.
122.9
When a pilot is flying inbound and approaching an airport with no tower in operation but with a Flight Service Station (FSS) open, a pilot should communicate with the FSS on the common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF) at ___ nautical miles out from the airport.
10 nautical miles
Inbound to an airport with no tower in operation but with a Flight Service Station (FSS) open, a pilot should communicate with the FSS on the common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF) how many miles out
10 miles out.
Assuming straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight, there are four forces that act upon your aircraft at any given time during flight:
Thrust (Power)
Drag (Friction)
Weight (Gravity)
Lift
__________________ is the force that propels an unmanned aircraft in the direction of motion.
Thrust (Power) Engines produce thrust
_________________ is the force that acts opposite to the direction of motion.
Drag (Friction). Drag is caused by friction between the aircraft and the air, as well as differences in air pressure.
____________________ is the force of gravity. It acts in a downward direction—toward the center of the Earth.
Weight (Gravity)
________ is the force that acts at a right angle to the direction of motion through the air. ________ is created by differences in air pressure. In a turn, it is the horizontal component of lift which makes the aircraft turn.
Lift
When a UA is in straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight, ________________________. Everything is in equilibrium.
lift equals weight and thrust equals drag
Before any flight, the remote PIC should verify that the aircraft is correctly loaded by determining the aircraft’s ______________________ condition.
weight and balance (W&B)
What are two equations to figure out Load Factor?
Load Factor = Total Load Supported by the Aircraft’s Wings / Actual Weight of the Aircraft and its Contents
Another way to write the same formula is:
Load Factor x Actual Weight of the Aircraft and its Contents = Total Load Supported by the Aircraft’s Wings
A __________ occurs when the smooth airflow over the unmanned airplane’s wing (propellor) is disrupted, and the lift degenerates rapidly, which can ultimately cause your aircraft to fall. In a _________, your wing cannot generate adequate lift to sustain level flight, and this happens when a pilot exceeds the critical angle of attack (AOA).
stall
The ________________ is defined as “the angle between the chord of an airfoil and the direction of the surrounding undisturbed flow of gas or liquid”More simply put, it is the angle formed by the wing (or propellor) and the relative wind, relative wind being the opposite of the direction of travel of the UA.
angle of attack
What happens when your UA center of gravity (CG) is too far aft, or too far to the back of, your aircraft?
It’s more difficult to recover from a stall / more difficult to control
What is the rudder on a fixed-wing UA used for?
Yaw
To ensure that the unmanned aircraft center of gravity (CG) limits are not exceeded, follow the aircraft loading instructions specified in the
Pilot’s Operating Handbook or UAS Flight Manual.
When operating an unmanned airplane, the remote pilot should consider that the load factor on the wings may be increased any time
the airplane is subjected to maneuvers other than straight-and-level flight
A stall occurs when the smooth airflow over the unmanned airplane`s wing is disrupted, and the lift degenerates rapidly. This is caused when the wing
exceeds its critical angle of attack.
The four forces acting on an airplane in flight are
thrust, drag, weight (gravity), and lift
When are the four forces that act on an airplane in equilibrium?
During unaccelerated flight.
*When a UA is in straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight, lift equals weight and thrust equals drag. Everything is in equilibrium.
What is the relationship of lift, drag, thrust, and weight when the airplane is in straight-and-level flight?
Lift equals weight and thrust equals drag.
Which basic flight maneuver increases the load factor on an airplane as compared to straight-and-level flight?
Turns.
- What effect does an uphill terrain slope have on launch performance of a fixed-wing sUAS?
Increases launch distance
When you have an uphill terrain slope and you’re launching a fixed-wing aircraft on that slope, you’ll need to increase your launch distance to get the aircraft up into the air.
The most critical condition of sUAS launch and flight performance is the result of ________________________________ of the aircraft.
altitude, temperature, wind, and weight / center of gravity
When loading cameras or other payloads on an sUAS, the Remote PIC should mount and inspect the items in a manner that does not adversely affect ______________________.
the center of gravity (CG)
Operations outside weight and balance limitations may result in ____________________________
Loss of control
An increase in load factor will cause a fixed-wing unmanned aircraft to
Stall at higher air speed
When operating an aircraft, the Remote PIC is responsible for using _______________________ data from the manufacturer.
weight and balance.
What is the effect on an aircraft that is overloaded aft of the center of gravity (CG)?
Reduced performance at both low and high speeds
What effect would moving a payload further aft have on a fixed-wing aircraft’s flight performance?
It would make it less stable at both low and high speeds.
Making a ___________ turn will increase load on the wings of a fixed-wing UAV?
banked turn
If an overweight plane makes a turn, what is likely to happen?
The plane will stall
Under what condition should the operator of a small UA establish scheduled maintenance protocol?
When the manufacturer does not provide a maintenance schedule.
According to 14 CFR Part 107, the responsibility to inspect the small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) to ensure it is in a safe operating condition rests with who?
remote pilot-in-command
When establishing a scheduled maintenance protocol, you must do these things:
Document any repair, modification, overhaul, or replacement of a system component resulting from normal flight operations. This should be accomplished with either a written or on-line maintenance log for each of your sUAS.
In addition to inspecting your sUAS, you should also be inspecting:
Local weather conditions
Local airspace and any flight restrictions
What must a person, who is manipulating the controls of a small unmanned aircraft, do if the standard remote identification fails during a flight?
Land the aircraft as soon as practicable
Where must a small unmanned aircraft’s serial number be listed when using either standard remote identification or a broadcast module?
The Certificate of Aircraft Registration
A person may not use a Remote ID broadcast module that ___________________ when powered on.
fails the self-test
A small unmanned aircraft without Remote ID that’s equipped after production with a Remote ID broadcast module is limited to __________________ operations.
visual line of sight (VLOS)
Part 89 Remote Identification (Remote ID) requirements apply to
all unmanned aircraft operating under Part 107.
True or false. When operated under Part 107, a UA that weighs less than 0.55 pounds must comply with Remote ID requirements.
True
The use of the following technology is prohibited under Part 107 unless authorized by the FAA:
ATC transponders and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) out
