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Greek History > 7. Persia War > Flashcards

7. Persia War Flashcards

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1
Q

What were some pre-campaign rituals?

A

Delphic Oracle
Mantis – seer, soothsayer; Perform mantike
Could delay or stop participation
E.g., Sparta, Battle of Thermopylae – Festival of the Karnea

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2
Q

What are some Pre-battle rituals?

A

Pre-battle rituals

More sacrifices and omens

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3
Q

What is a paean ?

A

hymn

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4
Q

How long would battles normally last, what were the causality rates like?

A

Short fight, low casualty rates—-battle was longer than an hour. seldom over 15% of casualties. massacres were rare. both sides would collect their dead and head home.

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5
Q

Who was Cyrus II? What are the notable events that occurred in his life?

A

Cyrus II (Cyrus the Great) 559-530 BCE

c. 550/40 BCE – Defeats Media

546 BCE – Defeats Lydia (king Croesus)
Also gets Ionian Greek cities (that had been Croesus’)

539 BCE – conquers Babylon
Gets Assyria, Syria, Palestine

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6
Q

What are satrapies? Who controlled them, what tributes were accepted?

A

Satrapies – provinces (of Persia)
Local leadership controlled by Persian king
Tributes of money, troops, and labour

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7
Q

What shifts were starting to take place in persia?

A

530 BCE – Cyrus killed on campaign against Scythians
Sons Cambyses and then Smerdis takes over

Darius I (Darius the Great) 522-486 BCE
Centralized Persian government
Moved the capital to Persepolis
Important and long-lasting changes

Division of empire into 20 satrapies—-had a governor for each, was divide into military and civil officials
Supreme power of the king

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8
Q

Who were allies with Persia? (6)

A

Aegean Islands (c. 546 BCE)

Macedon (510-500 BCE)

Aegina (c. 492 BCE)

Argos (late 490s BCE)

Thessaly (490s BCE)

Ex-Athenian tyrant Hippias

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9
Q

How were Ionian Greeks feeling at this time?

A

Growing discontent over Persian rule

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10
Q

When was the Ionian Revolt? What were the consequences?

A

499-493 BCE

Aristagoras – tyrant of Miletus
   Unite Ionians in revolt
Asked Sparta for help but they declined
Athens = 20 ships
  Eretria = 5 ships-------ships given in support of effects

498 BCE – Greeks burn provincial capital of Sardis

494 BCE – massive naval defeat near Miletus
Pro-Persian propaganda rising
Some Ionian allies desert—–unsuccessful, Greek moral has fallen. allies deserted the Greeks. Miletus was destroyed.

Miletus destroyed
Mardonius (Persian commander) pacifies Ionian Greeks
Mainland Greeks fear the same fate as Miletus

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11
Q

What were possible reasons for the 1st Persian War

A

Possible reasons:

Athens broke alliance

Mainland Greece burned provincial capital of Sardis

Athens and Eretria had sent ships in support of revolt

Persian policy of expansion

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12
Q

How did the 1s Persian war start?

A

490 BCE – King Darius I attacks Greece
Eretria destroyed
September 490 – Persian armada lands at Marathon
Athenians call on Spartans for help – “No thanks, busy.”
March with Plataeans

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13
Q

What happened at the battle of marathon?

A

Greeks outnumbered 2 : 1

Athenians at battle = not protecting city

Athenian strategy = defensive
Miltiades (Athenian general)

Draw Persians into Athenian center
Athenian wings wrap around

Casualties: 6400 Persians vs 192 Athenians
(and 11 Plataeans)

Legend of Pheidippides–ran from Athens to Sparta to call them for aid, then ran from marathon to Athens to announce victory. then died on the spot.

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14
Q

What does Marathonomachoi mean?

A

those who fought at Marathon

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15
Q

What happened after Marathon for those who fought?

A

192 Athenians heroized – great honours

Miltiades On trial by enemies

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16
Q

When did democratic reforms start to take place in Athens?

A

Democratic reforms in Athens
c. 487 BCE – archons chosen by lottery not election
Only elected office is strategos

David vs Goliath victory
Sack of Troy
Civilization over barbarism

First Parthenon on Acropolis
480s – silver from Laurion
Themistocles urges the build a navy Triremes

17
Q

How did Xerxes come into power? What were his goals?

A

Darius I dies 486 BCE
Son Xerxes takes over

Xerxes quells rebellions
484 BCE – prepares to invade Greece

Xerxes’ goals:
Redeem father; restore Persian pride
Show his own power as king

18
Q

How big was the Persian Grand Army? What did it consist of? What was its weakness?

A

Estimated 1207 ships and c. 200,000 infantry

“Imperial Unity Parade”
Multi-ethnic army and fleet
Symbol to Persia and to Greeks

Strategic weaknesses of Grand Army:
     Different ethnicities, languages, hierarchies
     Logistics
      Army supplied by fleet
      Fleet protected by army
     Limited tactical manoeuvrability
19
Q

When was the second persian war? What problems were the Greek facing?

A

480-479
Greeks gather to come up with a plan (a bit late!)
Outnumbered – 350 ships and c. 100,000
infantry
Ask for help but don’t get it

Limited numbers =
   Need to be strategic
   Use Greek topography
   Defensive not offensive
   Delay over victory
20
Q

How did thermogplae look?

A

Mountainous region
Plain out to coast
Archaic defensive wall

21
Q

How many greek forces in total were in the 2nd persian war?

A

Greek forces totaled 7000 men

Including 300 Spartans and 700 perioikoi

22
Q

What happened during the land battle at thermogplae?

A

Xerxes tries small attacks first
Medized troops
Royal guard (‘Immortals’)

Finds the mountain pass
Legend of Ephialtes

Spartan king Leonidas
Small contingent stays to protect retreat
300 Spartans (or more accurately, 297)
700 Thespians
400 Thebans
80 Mycenaeans

23
Q

What happend at the battle of Artemisium?

A

parallel naval battle

 14km strait at Artemisium
      Persians
         1207 triremes
          3000 pentekonters
Greeks
   271 triremes
      9 pentekonters

Persians send small force against Greeks

Equal losses (but still worse for Greeks)

Retreat to Salamis

24
Q

What happend at the battle of Salamis? 480 BCE

A

Xerxes sends fleet after ‘fleeing’ Greeks

Greek navy waiting in the Bay of Salamis
Narrow strait breaks Persian lines

 Massive Greek success
    Key turning point
     Boost in Greek morale
     Equalized naval numbers
     Blow to Persian forces, prestige, pride
25
Q

Where is the victory dedication of the second Persian war?

A

Stoa of the Athenians

c. 478-470 BCE

26
Q

What happens after Salamis?

A

Xerxes feeling the pressure
Leaves an expeditionary force and goes home
Mardonius- in charge of the persians left behind

479 BCE – Mardonius tries diplomacy
Wants Athens to make alliance (and take away key part of Greek navy)
Athens refuses
Use this as leverage to get more Spartan help

27
Q

What happened during the battle of Plataea? 479 BCE

A

3 week long stand-off
No one dares to attack

Greeks led by Spartan regent (Pausanias)

Mardonius raids Greek supply train
Greeks need to regroup
Error in communication – Greeks get separated

Mardonius goes for an immediate attack thinking
the Greeks are retreating
Greeks now actually have tactical advantage
Complete Greek victory

28
Q

How was the 2nd persian war won?

A

Salamis and Plataea = key defeats to end the war
Another battle at Mycale

Ionian Greeks and Medized islands rebel

Importance of Athenian role
Laurion silver
Themistocles
Navy - rowers

29
Q

What is the significance of the Persian wars?

A

Persia – minor defeat
Not mentioned in Persian documents
Deal with revolts in Empire

Medized Greeks – picked the losing side
Need to remake ties with fellow Greeks

Allied Greeks - dedications and victory trophies
Sparta – key to major victories
Gained lots of glory
Athens – defining moment
Spoils of war + Laurion silver + fleet

30
Q

What does barbaros, pl. barbaroi mean?

A

barbaros, pl. barbaroi – non-Greek speakers

31
Q

What is mentioned about Persian barbarians in literature?

A

barbaros = ignorant, brutal, savage

472 BCE – Aeschylus’ Persians
Xerxes and his defeat at Salamis
Tragic hero destroyed by fate

Simonides – lyric poet
Epitaphs for the battle dead

Herodotus (born c. 484 BCE)
Pro-Athenian bias
Wars now in honoured memory

32
Q

What is shown about Persian barbarians in art?

A

Depictions in art
Dominant Greek hoplite vs barbarian
Changing view of Persians
Moral reduction of Persians

Persians as Amazons, Centaurs

Greek History (10 decks)

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