4. Archaic Athens Flashcards

1
Q

What is the time period for Archaic Greece?

A

800/700-450 BCE

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2
Q

What are the 6 biggest changes to happen during Archaic Greece?

A
  1. Growth of the polis
  2. Colonization
  3. Trade
  4. Panhellenic Shrines, festivals, etc
  5. Developments in warfare
  6. Widening economic inequality
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3
Q

How are we able to know more about this time period?

A

Actual historical evidence with dates and names.
People wrote on papyrus, only a fraction of the writing has survived but some works have been quoted from later times. There were also coinage and other inscriptions that survived.
Some stories were orally told, which could lead to changes in the original story.
There is a growth in skilled workers and temples are now being made out of stone which is made it possible to survive.

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4
Q

What lead to the colonizing movement,

A

City-states need more land

Increasing trade

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5
Q

Why were the military systems changing?

A

Advancements in warfare
Citizen-soldier
*Now facing foreign foes

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6
Q

What changes lead to the advancement of the polis system?

A

Limits of egalitarianism- More powerful and intrusive government
Issues of stratification and inequality
Power of the elite- the elite had the biggest share of the government

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7
Q

In the early city-states who had central control?

A

Central control by large landowners who governed in their own self-interest

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8
Q

What is a basileis? Who did they share power with?

A

The basileis is the king who shared the power with aristocratic families.

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9
Q

What is does Oligarchy mean?

A

The rule of the few- city states ruled by a small group of men

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10
Q

What are the early socialization organizations and their meanings? (4 singular +Plural)

A
Oikos, pl. oikoi (household)
Four phylē, pl. phylai (tribe)
Each divided into a phratry, pl. phratries
(‘brotherhood’)
Genos, pl. gene (clans)
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11
Q

Who ruled the clans and what did they have in common?

A

Dominated by a top oikos (household)
Share a common ancestor; have a single clan
name
Powerful aristocratic families/clans in Athens

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12
Q

Who are the Archons (9 magistrates) ,what were their duties and how long was their term?

A
  1. Eponymous archon (chief archon)- Supervised public affairs, presided over council and assembly
  2. Polemarch – military commander
  3. Archon basileus – oversaw religious rites, homicide trials
  4. Thesmothetai (6) No written law code, it was open to interpretation

They had a term of 1 year. The name of the year would often be named after the chief archon

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13
Q

Who were the council of Areopagus and what did they do?

A

Elders/retired archons
Had membership for life
Held power over serving archons
Deliberative body; high court of early Athens

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14
Q

What is ekklesia? Where did it occur and what happened there?

A

Ekklesia means calling forth, it is an assembly of the people at the public of the council (Pnyx) where they elected magistrates, declared war, military strategy
Votes were taken with a show of hands, stones and using broken poetry.

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15
Q

When did the colonization movement occur and how did it become possible?

A
Decline in dominance of Egypt,
Phoenicia, etc.
power vacuum in Mediterranean
 Open for Greek expansion
No other state offered obstacle for Greece
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16
Q

How many colonies were they and what was the most active?

A

Approx. 90 colonies

Miletus - most active in colonization

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17
Q

Why did Sparta and Athens have both limited colonization?

A

Sparta focused inward-Spartans were preoccupied
Athens had extensive territory
already- They didn’t feel pressure because of the land that they had

18
Q

What were the motivations for colonization? (4)

A

Resolve problems associated with land shortages-Colonies were made to send people off the already preoccupied land.
Increase trade opportunities
Access to more resources
Increase population

19
Q

What would happen once you left your metropolis?

A

You were not allowed to return

20
Q

What do the terms metropolis and okist mean?

A

metropolis – mother city

oikist – founder of the colony

21
Q

What are the consequences of colonization?

A
  1. Upsets the balance of power
  2. Diversification of economy
  3. Renewed foreign contact
    * Colonies may go to war with their mother country, if good relations are kept their is an overall profit gain for both.
22
Q

Who is an Oikists, what did they do and what are their responsibilities?

A

Typically aristocrat
Founder – leader, organizer, military commander, law giver *Their authority is equal to a king
*responsible for success or failure of colony
Receive oracle at Delphi – gain religious support and authority
Responsible for entire journey (incl. choice of site)
Division of land
Religion
Defence of colony

23
Q

Who are hoi agathoi and hoi kakoi? who did the hoi agathoi claim to have heritage from?

A
hoi agathoi (“the good men/people”)- aristocrats
hoi kakoi (“the bad men/people”)- all non-aristocrats

Claimed noble heritage from aristocratic warrior-chiefs

*Based purely on birth

24
Q

How did the aristocrats keep their wealth and status? (4 each)

A

Wealth
Landowners – hereditary control *disproportions for the wealthy and became even richer with increase of tools

Agricultural exploitation-*Exploited labour of poor families, rented land from rich or mortgaged land which were paid with crops or lose land

hoi aristoi (“the best”) vs hoi polloi (“the many”) * 12-20% of the population is wealthy.

Heritage and social exclusivity- *Marriage only between their own group

Status
Excellence in government – sharing in magistracies *Only the elite can hold magistry seats

Warrior culture-*Soldiers had to pay for their own equipment. Battles only fought in large groups

Horse ownership- Had to have the money to afford a horse

Homeric Code (Late Dark Age)- *mimic feels of excellence

25
Q

Who were the common people(men) and why were they in this class?

A

Citizen-farmers, specialized craftsmen

Limited potential for upward mobility-*more jobs for sailors and merchants. Didn’t see themselves as a class like the elite

Theognis on a good man (ho agathos) vs bad man (ho kakos)

Downward mobility more common- *if someone became wealthy enough they can marry into a wealthy family (ex. dowry)

Small family farmers -Nearly half the population

Small labour force of slaves- * 1 or 2 slaves

Limited ties to urban center- *Rarely went into the city. Only times would be to go to assembly and to vote.

26
Q

Describe the issues with equality and inequality at the polis?

A

Political equality not socio-economic equality

Growing wealth, but not evenly distributed

Participation in the polis dependent on one’s social and economic condition

*Government is disproportion. Elite is only focusing on the elite and their needs/issues

27
Q

Who is able to vote and what the requirements for voting?

A

Need to have a stake in society to participate in it
Own land, have $$ for your own panoply (military kit)

Political inclusion dependent on exclusion of others- also includes landless poor
Excludes women
Excludes slaves
Citizens = only 25% of adult male population

28
Q

What does Metics mean? Who are they? What are they required to do(4) and what restrictions did they experience? (3)

A

Metics = resident aliens
Permanent residents in Greek city- *Comes from Foreign land. 10% of population of Athens

Required to:
Have Athenian sponsor (prostates)
 Register with the polemarch
Pay a tax
Serve in military (metic males)

Restrictions on:
Owning land (require a special grant; must rent a home)
Vote (not allowed to vote)
Marriage (regulations and fines for marriage with a citizen)
**3 year salary if caught living with an Athenian women

29
Q

Why was there growing resentment between the lower class and the aristocrats?(5)

A

Lower classes struggling- It was seen as a stigma to work for others; equated to slavery.

Best farmland held by aristocratic families

Lack of power for the masses

Limited access to political office

Public assembly had little weight- Elite had a spokesmen with Hesiod.

30
Q

Who is Hesiod? Why is his work different?

A

A Greek poet who lived from 750-700 BCE.
He wrote works and days which takes the perspective of the citizen-farmer and focuses on rural life in early Archaic period. Hesiod writes in a personal voice which differs from Homer.

31
Q

Who was the citizen-farmer and what makes them different from farmers and aristocrats?

A

Freeholder farmer - owns their own land, and doesn’t owe anything to aristocrats.
They have a voice in governing

Differ from Aristocrats-
They have qualification, not just entitled to what they want
Collective self-rule
Live with others
Autonomy and interdependence- A man can’t be an island there must be a community

32
Q

What makes a just happy society vs. an unjust society? (2)

A

Happy, just society
Communal banquet
Sharing; equality

Unjust society
Gluttonous, greedy judges
Dishonest gain - at the expense of others

33
Q

What is Hesiod’s commentary on Archaic Greece?

A

Calls out elites as bribe swallowing, crooked and that Zeus avenges unjust acts.

34
Q

What is Homeric and Archaic warfare and how did hey differ?

A

Homeric warfare = aristocratic duels of heroic champions
Fight for individual glory and excellence

Archaic warfare = struggles of packed groups
Concern for collective over individual

35
Q

Define:
Hoplites
Panoply
Phalanx

A

Hoplites – heavily armoured foot soldiers

Panoply – hoplite military kit of weapons and armor

Phalanx – new group formation- tactical formation consisting of a block of heavily armed infantry standing shoulder to shoulder in files several ranks deep

36
Q

What military roles were there for each citizen class? (3)

A

Aristocrats = afford horses = cavalry

Citizen-farmers = afford panoply (military kit) = hoplites

Landless poor = can’t afford equipment = light-armed troops, sailors

37
Q

What were the Hoplites equipt with in their panoply?

A
Panoply (‘all weapons’)
 hoplon shield - very important
 Corinthian helmet- *Greatest impact on manner of fighting. Great technical achievement. Weight makes a limited range of vision and hearing.
Hoplite spear(doru/dory)
Buttend= saurtoer “Lizard Killer”

Required kit but quailty will differ

38
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of the Phalanx formation?

A

Advantages

Rounded
Good for shoving- Deeper phalanx will win (more men supporting those in front
More men and more cohesion than in the Dark Age

Disadvantages

Only covers left so you need to cover the right of the man beside

39
Q

What is thought of the man at the end of the Phalanx formation?

A

The person at the end would be the leader and would be considered the most brave because their right side would always be unprotected.

40
Q

What was the mission or militarily ethics of the Hoplite ?

A

It was a requirement to service and was considered a privilage of citizenship. The believed in :

Self-sacrifice for the common good

Win glory for the polis

Community over the individual

Dependence on non-aristocratic forces
Increasing importance of hoplites (citizen-farmers)