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AQA GCSE Chemistry (9-1) > 7. Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

7. Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A fuel; a molecule that consists of hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A fuel made from remains of marine plants and animals to form sedimentary rock. When pressure and heat was added the rock was broken down to form crude oil and natural gas

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3
Q

What are many of the compounds in crude oil?

A

Hydrocarbons - mostly alkanes

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4
Q

What is an alkane?

A

Contains a single chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms bonded along the side

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5
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

What is the simplest alkane?

A

Methane

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7
Q

What are the four simplest alkanes?

A

Methane, ethane, propane and butane

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8
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

Gives number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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9
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

Shows the atoms molecule by molecule

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10
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

Shows how atoms are arranged and the bonds between them

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11
Q

What happens as the number of carbons in a molecule increases?

A

Boiling point increases because more energy is needed to break the intermolecular forces

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12
Q

Gases in fractional distillation which have the lowest boiling point also are…

A

The most volatile and flammable

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13
Q

What is viscosity?

A

The resistance of flow that a liquid has

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14
Q

What happens in fractional distillation as molecule size decreases in terms of colour?

A

Becomes lighter: black, yellow, transparent

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15
Q

Why are hydrocarbons cracked?

A

Long chains are not useful

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16
Q

What types of cracking are there?

A

Thermal and catalytic cracking

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17
Q

Why are fractions with large hydrocarbon molecules more viscous?

A

Longer chains are easily entangled. The amount of intermolecular force also affects viscosity

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18
Q

How is thermal cracking carried out?

A

Long hydrocarbon chains are vaporised, and placed under high pressure and temperatures (~750c) and thermal decomposition takes place - chains are split apart

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19
Q

How is catalytic cracking carried out?

A

Long hydrocarbon chains are vaporised and passed over a hot catalyst - heat to a high temperature (~500c). Chains cracked as thermal decomposition takes place

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20
Q

What is a disadvantage of thermal cracking?

A

There is not a lot of control over what products are formed

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21
Q

What is an advantage of catalytic cracking?

A

Longer chains are split to smaller chains - about 8-10 carbons in length

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22
Q

What does cracking hydrocarbons produce?

A

A mixture of alkanes and alkenes

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23
Q

Why are porcelain chips used in catalytic cracking in the lab?

A

As a catalyst - where thermal decomposition takes place

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24
Q

What are alkenes used to produce?

A

Polymers (plastics)

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25
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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26
Q

What bond does an alkene contain?

A

A double carbon-carbon bond

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27
Q

What is the simplest alkene?

A

Ethene - C2H4

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28
Q

What are the four simplest alkenes?

A

Ethene, propene, butene, pentene

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29
Q

An example of a saturated compound?

A

Alkanes

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30
Q

An example of an unsaturated compound?

A

Alkenes

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31
Q

What is a saturated compound?

A

Contains only single covalent bonds

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32
Q

What is an unsaturated compound?

A

Contains at least one double covalent bond

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33
Q

What is the test alkenes?

A

Will turn bromine water from orange to clear

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34
Q

Why do alkenes react with bromine water but alkanes don’t?

A

Alkenes have a double bond which can open up to react with bromine

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35
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The part of a molecule responsible for reactions

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36
Q

Example of a functional group?

A

The double bond in alkenes

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37
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of compounds that have similar properties and the same general formula

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38
Q

How do the successive members of alkenes differ from each other?

A

As the carbon number increases by one, the number of hydrogens increases different numbers

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39
Q

What type of combustion do alkenes tend to undergo?

A

Incomplete, but some may be complete

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40
Q

How do alkenes burn compared to alkanes?

A

With a smokier, yellow flame

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41
Q

Which releases more energy per mole during combustion: alkenes or alkanes?

A

Alkanes

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42
Q

Why is it better to use octane in a car engine and not octene?

A
  • octene undergoes incomplete combustion and so is very smoky and produces more pollution
  • octane releases mor energy per mole so is more efficient
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43
Q

How do we know that halogens and alkenes undergo addition reactions?

A

Bromine water turning colourless

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44
Q

Why do addition reactions of alkenes occur?

A
  • the double carbon bond in alkenes make them more reactive than alkanes (its electron dense)
  • the double bond can open and react with other the carbons to add to the molecule
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45
Q

What does ethene + bromine give?

A

Dibromoethane

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46
Q

What does propene + bromine give?

A

Dibromopropane

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47
Q

What does ethene + chlorine give?

A

Dichloroethane

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48
Q

What does propene + iodine give?

A

Diiodopropane

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49
Q

How can alkenes become saturated?

A

By adding hydrogen

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50
Q

What conditions are required for the hydrogenation of alkenes?

A
  • 60*C

* nickel catalyst

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51
Q

What does ethene + hydrogen give?

A

Ethane

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52
Q

Why would an alkene needed to be turned into an alkane?

A

To straighten the molecules - the closer they can get to each other means that they have stronger intermolecular forces

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53
Q

Why bother turning an alkene to an alkanae? i.e. from unsaturated to saturated

A

To increase melting point

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54
Q

Practical application of hydrogenation of alkenes?

A

To make margarine - enough hydrogen should be added to make it spreadable straight from the fridge - but not too little to make it a liquid

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55
Q

What is the process of hydrogenation?

A
  • addition of hydrogen across the alkene’s double bond
  • replaces double carbon bond to a single
  • nickel catalyst at 60 degrees
  • causes melting point to increase so become solid at room temperature
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56
Q

What is the addition reactions of hydrogen to alkenes also known as?

A

Hydrogenation of alkenes

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57
Q

Advantages of addition reactions of hydrogen and alkenes (hydrogenation)?

A
  • more useful as a solid

* can be used as margarine

58
Q

Disadvantages of addition reactions of hydrogen and alkenes (hydrogenation)?

A

• saturated fats are not healthy as the molecules pack closely together so bonds are harder to break

59
Q

Why are saturated fats more unhealthy?

A

Because the molecules are packed closer together - making it harder to break the bonds

60
Q

How can ethanol be made?

A

From the hydration of ethene

61
Q

What can the addition reactions of water also be known as?

A

Hydration

62
Q

What is hydration?

A

The addition of water

63
Q

What conditions are required for hydration?

A
  • concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst

* high temperature and pressure

64
Q

What does ethene + water give?

A

Ethanol

65
Q

Is hydration of alkenes reversible?

A

• yes, ethanol can break back down to steam and water

66
Q

What happens to the unreacted ethene and stream during hydration?

A

Recycled over the catalyst

67
Q

What can propene + water give?

A
  • propan-1-ol
  • propan-2-ol

(they are both propanol)

68
Q

How many molecules are needed in a halogen, hydrogen or water addition reaction?

A

Only one molecule as there is only one double bond to open up

69
Q

What does each bromine atom bond to during an addition reaction of Br2 and an alkene?

A
  • one bromine molecule bonds to one carbon from the double bond
  • the other bromine bonds to the other carbon from the double bond
70
Q

During a hydration reaction, what parts of the alkene do the H2O molecules bond to?

A
  • one hydrogen bonds to one of the carbons from the double bond
  • OH bonds to the other carbon
71
Q

Uses alcohols?

A
  • drinks
  • perfumes
  • solvent
  • fuel
  • antiseptic
72
Q

What are the ways of producing ethanol industrially?

A
  • hydration of ethene

* fermentation of glucose

73
Q

How is glucose fermented to produce ethanol?

A
  1. Extract sugar (glucose) from crops
  2. Add yeast - enzymes act as catalyst
  3. Fermentation - a type of anaerobic respiration
74
Q

What conditions are required for the fermentation to glucose to produce ethanol?

A
  • 30-40*C
  • CO2 released
  • batch process (stop and starts)
75
Q

What is produced along with ethanol during fermentation of glucose?

A

Carbon dioxide

76
Q

Advantages of using fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol?

A
  • sugar - renewable resource
  • batch process - cheap equipment needed
  • more carbon neutral
77
Q

Disadvantages of using fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol?

A
  • very slow
  • very impure - needs further processing -> fractional distillation
  • batch process means high labour costs
78
Q

How is ethene hydrated to produce ethanol?

A
  1. Extract crude oil from the ground
  2. Oil refinery - fractional distillation then cracking to produce ethene
  3. Hydration (addition of water/steam)
79
Q

What conditions are required for the hydration of ethene to produce ethanol?

A
  • phosphoric acid catalyst
  • high temperature and pressure
  • continuous process
80
Q

Advantages of using hydration of ethene to produce ethanol?

A
  • fast reaction
  • pure product
  • 95% yield - initially 5% but ethene is recycled
  • continuous - cheaper man power
81
Q

Disadvantages of using hydration of ethene to produce ethanol?

A
  • high technology equipment needed - expensive initially
  • high energy costs for high pressure
  • ethene is non-renewable
82
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

83
Q

How many bonds must each type of atom form in an alcohol?

A
  • each carbon must form 4 bonds
  • each hydrogen - 1 bond
  • each oxygen - 2 bonds
84
Q

Are alcohols hydrocarbons?

A

No because they contain oxygen as well as carbon and hydrogen

85
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

86
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

Homologous series with the functional group COOH

87
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

88
Q

What are the names of the first four carboxylic acids?

A
  • methanoic acid
  • ethanoic acid
  • propanoic acid
  • butanoic acid
89
Q

What is the structural formula for methanoic acid?

A

HCOOH

90
Q

What is the structural formula for ethanoic acid?

A

CH3COOH

91
Q

What is the structural formula for propanoic acid?

A

CH3CH2COOH

92
Q

What is the structural formula for butanoic acid?

A

CH3CH2CH2COOH

93
Q

What happens when ethanoic acid is dissolved in water?

A

It becomes acidic, turning universal indicator red

94
Q

What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with a metal carbonate?

A

It fizzes, showing carbon dioxide is produced (with salt and water)

95
Q

What does carboxylic acid + metal carbonate give?

A

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

96
Q

What do carboxylic acids produce when they react with alcohols?

A

An ester bond between the two molecules

97
Q

What are esters?

A

Chemicals with pleasant smells

98
Q

What are esters used in?

A

Perfumes and solvents

99
Q

What is formed, as well as an ester bond, when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?

A

Water

100
Q

Is a catalyst used in the production of ester bonds? If so, what?

A

Yes. Acid is used as a catalyst - usually sulphuric acid

101
Q

What is formed when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol?

A

Ethyl ethanoate and water

102
Q

Is the reaction of carbxylic acids and alcohols reversible?

A

Yes

103
Q

What is pH the measure of?

A

The hydrogen ions in a solution

104
Q

What type of acids ionise fully in water?

A

Strong acids

105
Q

What is the concentration of hydrogen atoms like in solutions of strong acids?

A

There is a high concentration of hydrogen ions, giving it a low pH

106
Q

Are carboxylic acids strong or weak?

A

Weak

107
Q

Do carboxylic acids ionise fully when they are dissolved in water?

A

No, instead only some of their molecules ionise to form hydrogen ions

108
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long chain molecule made from small molecules called monomers

109
Q

How can alkenes be used make polymers?

A

Addition polymerisation

110
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

When monomers with double bonds form a polymer with single bonds

111
Q

What conditions does polymerisation generally need?

A
  • high temperatures and pressures

* a catalyst

112
Q

Why does the polymerisation of ethene have an atom economy of 100%?

A

Because there is only one product

113
Q

What are two uses of poly(ethene)?

A
  • plastic bags

* drinks bottles

114
Q

What are two uses of poly(propene)?

A
  • food packaging

* furniture

115
Q

What does condensation polymerisation involve?

A

Monomers with two functional groups

116
Q

What are some examples of condensation polymers?

A
  • nylon
  • kevlar
  • polyesters
117
Q

What are the simplest condensation polymers made from?

A

Two different monomers with two of the same functional groups on each monomer

118
Q

What bonds are formed in most condensation reactions?

A

An ester or amide bond

119
Q

When are ester bonds formed?

A

When carboxylic acids and alcohols react

120
Q

What are amide bonds formed?

A

When carboxylic acids and amines (-NH2) react

121
Q

Where do the new bonds form in condensation polymerisation reactions?

A

Where the functional groups are located

122
Q

What is produced when a dicarboxylic acid and a dialcohol react?

A
  • a polyester (with an ester bond)

* water

123
Q

What has to react in order to produce a polyester?

A

A dicarboxylic acid and a dialcohol

124
Q

During what type of reaction is a polyester formed?

A

Condensation polymerisation

125
Q

What is produced when a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine react?

A
  • a polyamide (with an amide bond)

* water

126
Q

What has to react in order to produce a polyamide?

A

A dicarboxylic acid and a diamine

127
Q

During what type of reaction is a polyamide formed?

A

Condensation polymerisation

128
Q

What is the function group of carboxylic acids, alcohols and amines?

A
  • carboxylic acids - COOH
  • alcohols - OH
  • amines - NH2
129
Q

What is the basic structure of an amino acids?

A

An amine group on one side and a carboxylic acid on the other

130
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

21

131
Q

What functional groups do amino acids contain?

A
  • carboxyl (-COOH)

* amine (-NH2)

132
Q

What does an amino acid contain aswell as the carboxyl and amine functional groups?

A

A side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid

133
Q

What do amino acids react by condensation polymerisation to produce?

A

Polypeptides

134
Q

What does the amino acid glycine (H2NCH2COOH) polymerise to produce?

A
  • the polypeptide (HNCH2CO)

* water

135
Q

How can amino acids produce proteins?

A

When they are combined in the same chain

136
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

137
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Encodes genetic instructions for development and functioning of organisms and viruses

138
Q

What is the structure of DNA like?

A

Two polymer chains, made from 4 different monomers (nucleotides), in a double helix

139
Q

What is the difference in how addition and condensation polymers are made?

A

Addition polymers - many monomers join together to form polymers, double bond opens up, no other substance formed

Condensation polymers - monomers join to make polymer as well as other small molecules, water often given off

140
Q

What is the difference in the type of molecules the monomers are in addition and condensation polymers?

A

Addition polymers - alkenes

Condensation polymers - molecules with two functional groups

AQA GCSE Chemistry (9-1) (10 decks)

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