Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2. R: The collapse of autocracy 1894-1917 > 7. Nic II and challenge to autocracy > Flashcards

7. Nic II and challenge to autocracy Flashcards

1
Q

Nicholas II ideologies

A

‘to maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father’
● Commitment to Orthodoxy ensured that the Church maintained influenced
● Continued russification & support for the ‘Black Hundreds’ organisations (right wing & anti-Semitic policies’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gov under Nic II

May 1896 conrination events

A
  • gathered on Khodynka field.
  • Promise of free food to celebrate.
  • Crush to see tsar and wife.
  • 1400 trampled to death - conrination continued.
  • Nic later visited injured in hospital + money to those who lost loved ones.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Demands for change

Post 1894 - great famine effects

A
  • Failure to cope w/crisis - zemstva & voluntary organisations had to provide relief work bred scorn and despair
  • Greater public mistrust of govt competence & firmer belief in power of ordinary people in society to play a role in national affairs
  • Reformist groups developed stronger support by base by 1900
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Demands for change

Role of Okrana

A
  • new outbursts of trouble in uni’s
  • they expelled, exiled or drafted rebels/submitted to military force
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Demands for change

Result and year that mounted Cossacks stormed students

A
  • St. P
  • Killed 13, arrested 1500
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Demands for change

Disturbance in towns & countryside

A

1902-1907
instances of arson in the rural committees - ‘the years of the red cockerel’
* Unrest worst in central Russian provinces where landlord/peasant relationship remained.
* Peasants set fire to their landlord’ barns destroying grain/ physically attacked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Demands for change

Role of Stolypin

A
  • dealt w/disturbances by flogging, arresting, exiling, or shooting (in the thousands’.
  • Gallows became in frequent use STOLYPIN’S NECKTIE = nickname for the hangman’s noose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When was introduction of police-sponsered trade unions, and what did it do?

A
  • 1900
  • provided official channels for complaints to be heard, in attempt to prevent workers joining radical socialists.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

demands for change

Industrial strikes

A
  • escalated
  • 17k in 1894 - 90k in 1904
  • violent attacks between police and strikersbecame commonplace.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

demands for change

Role of Father Gapon

A
  • created Assembly of St Petersburg Factory Workers.
  • Was approved by minister of IA (Plehve) & had the support of the Orthodox Church.
  • Soon had 12 branches & 8000 members.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Russo-Japanese War

Original cause of war

A
  • Russian drive to the East + building of Trans-Siberian railway.
  • 1896: Chinese allowed an additional line to be constructed south .
  • 1898: a spur line added to Port Arthur granted to Russia on 25-year lease.
  • Japanese had briefly held peninsula in 1895, objected + began shelling the naval base in 1904.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Russo Japanse war

Battle of Port Arthur

A

1904
* After a long siege Port Arthur eventually fell to Japanese.
* Russian flagship struck Japanese mine with heavy loss of life and one of its best admirals.
* The battle fleet was spilt between Port Arthur and icebound Vladivostok.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Russo Japanse war

Battle of Makdun – Feb 1905

A
  • Major engagement near this Manchurian city led to 85,000 Russian and 41,000 Japanese losses.
  • Russian reserves of manpower depended heavily on success of Baltic fleet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Russo Japanse war

The Baltic fleet

A
  • 2nd oct 1904
  • gov ordered Baltic fleet to sail via Africa to Manchuria.
  • Reached Tsushima Strait 7 months later in poor condition.
  • old ships = less manoeuverable + Japanese had more modern rangefinders and gunners.
  • Battle lasted a day.
  • Entire fleet lost at the expense of 3 Jap torpedo boats.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Russo Japanse war

Battle of Tsu – shima May 1905

A
  • Russian Baltic fleet arrives in the War Zone.
  • Despite Russian fleet appearing more powerful reverse was true.
  • Japanese navy was quicker and Russian ships were overweight and so less effective.
  • An ambush by the Japanese wiped out Russian fleet with loss of 12,600 men.
  • Effectively the war was over and Russia had to sue for peace
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Russo-Japanese war

Role of Phleve

A

encouraged the Tsar to respond to Japanese assault on the base
● JANUARY 1904: proceeded with a ‘short swift victorious war’ - would detract from unrest at home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Russo-Japanese war

Russian weakness

A
  • Russians had no idea of enemy/inadequacies of their own forces
  • War 6000 miles from capital was not easy & series of defeats turned initial surge of anti-Japanese patriotism into opposition for Govt
18
Q

Aftermath of Phleves assasination

A

JULY 1904 crowds turned out on the streets to celebrate in Warsaw
* Renewed cries for representative National Assembly & NOVEMBER 1904 Mirsky invited zemstvo reps to come to St Petersburg for discussions.
* N II - ‘ I will never agree to the representative form of government because I consider it harmful to the people whom God entrusted to me’ - concede to expansion of the zemstva.

19
Q

1905 REVOLUTION - bloody sunday

Date of bloody sunday

A

9th January 1905

20
Q

1905 revolution - bloody sunday

Lead up to Bloody sunday - 20th dec

A

= Russia surrendered to Japan - humiliation (1904 2 October - whole Baltic fleet lost to 3 Japanese torpedo boats).

21
Q

1905 rev

lead up to bloody sunda - 3rd Jan

A
  • strike at Putilov Iron Works in st. p
  • 150k workers
22
Q

1905 rev

Bloody Sunday events

A
  • decided to conduct a peace march to Winter Palace.
  • Gapon wished to present a petition to N II demonstrating workers’ loyalty but also requesting reform.
  • N II was at summer palace & 12,000 troops were issued to break up the demonstration.
  • sparked an outbreak of rebellion which spread throughout Empire
23
Q

1905 rev

4th february

A
  • Tsar decide to meet workers’ representatives after Grand Duke Sergei (uncle) was shot.
  • Inflamed sentiment by upsetting marchers that they were badly advised & should return to work
  • Dismissed Mirsky & brought in Buygin as Minister of IA & major-General Trepov Military Governor of St Petersburg to follow a hard-line policy
24
Q

1905 rev

Mutiny on the ship - Battleship Potëmkin

A
  • Began due to mould meat ration & lead to a full-scale mutiny in which 7 officers were killed.
  • Soldiers hoisted revolutionary flag & sailed to Odessa where they placed a dead soldier’s’ body at the steps between the city & the harbour.
  • When townsfolk arrived to pay respects troops fired on them
  • More than 2000 killed & 3000 wounded
25
Q

1905 rev

October manifesto + reaction

A

Signed 17th oct
* Grant civic freedoms (speech, personal rights)
* Est. a state duma for all classes
* Give duma powers of legislation
Workers celebrated in crowds - radicals defied this ‘we have been granted a constitution, but autocracy remains’ -
N II did not want constitutional Monarch & few of ministers had a real commitment to manifest promises

26
Q

1905 rev

Counter revolution

A
  • Trepov ordered troops to fire in forcing striking workers back to their factories.
  • Jews suffered in terrible pogroms - gangs sent to round up and flop peasants to restore order
  • 3 DEC - leaders of PS surrounded & arrested & exiled to siberia
    • Weakened movement and restored control to authorities.
    • Another month of warfare in moscow.
27
Q

The era of the Dumas

1st Duma

A

May-July 1906
* boycotted by Bolsheviks, SR’s + extreme right.
* Mostly rad lib, 1/3 peasants.
* Requested radical reforms = refused.
* dissolved july.
* sent 200 delegates to Vyborg to orginise protest, failed + leaders imprisioned.

28
Q

Era of the dumas

2nd Duma

A

Feb-july 1907
* more left-wing as Bolsheviks + SD’s participated.
* Opposed gov
* dissolved after refusing to support Stolypins agarian reforms. - some delicated arrested + exiled.

29
Q

Era of the dumas

3rd duma

A

nov 1907 - june 1912
* more submissive - agreed to approx 2200/2500 gov proposals.
* disputes over naval staff + stolypins reforms to extend primary education.
* 1911 suspended 2x.

30
Q

era of dumas

4th duma

A

nov 1912-1917
* relatively docile body
* PM - count Vladmir claimed = “thank God we still have no parliment.” - ingored Dumas.
* Too divided to fight back

31
Q

Era of dumas

LOWER CHAMBER - STATE DUMA

A

Members elected through indirect voting (peasants & nobles) but was weighted in favour of the nobility (Tsar’s natural allies)

32
Q

Era of dumas

UPPER CHAMBER - STATE COUNCIL

A

Half zemstva elected, half Tsar appointments - nobles from maj. Social, religious, educational and financial institutions
- Both houses had equal legislative power & all legislation needed Tsar approval & any three bodies could veto legislation

33
Q

Russian PM role

A

Appointed exclusively by Tsar, loyal to tsar not duma

34
Q

Fundermental laws, date and content

A

23 april 1906
Tsar claimed the right to
- Veto legislation
- Rule by decree in an emergency/ when duma was not in session
- appoint/dismiss govt ministers
- Dissolve duma when wished
- Command russia’s land and sea forces
- Declare war, conclude peace/ control all foreign relations
- Overturn verdicts & sentences in a court of law
- Control the orthodox church

35
Q

Political groups

A
  • SD’s - 1903 divided into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
  • SR’s
  • Kadets (constitutional demoncrats)
  • Octoberists (union of 17th oct)
  • Rightests.
36
Q

Political groups

Bolsheviks

A
  • Hard-line faction of Social Democratic party, favored swift change, opposed collaboration with other parties.
  • Split from Mensheviks in 1903, led by Lenin, kept low profile until 1917.
  • Lenin’s charisma and ruthless leadership led to gaining military power.
  • Re-split Mensheviks, gained members like Kollontai and Trotsky.
  • Seized government control, core of Communist governance under Lenin’s essentially dictatorial rule.
37
Q

Political grouping

Kadets

A
  • Moderate liberal party in Russia.
  • Dominated first and second Dumas but faced restrictions as government removed left-wingers.
  • Despite losses, pushed reforms with Octobrist support, often vetoed by Nicholas.
  • Leader Lvov replaced by Kerensky, diminishing party’s power.
38
Q

political groups

Mensheviks

A
  • Less hardline - advocated gradual transition to socialism.
  • Embraced democracy.
  • Led by Julius Martov.
  • Split in 1917, some members rejoined Bolsheviks; divided in red-white factions during civil war.
  • Party made illegal in 1921 after Kronstadt uprising.
39
Q

Political groups

SR’s

A
  • Advocated radical reforms: land redistribution, ousting the Tsar; favored by peasants.
  • Employed violence, targeted opponents, causing casualties.
  • SRs split in civil war: right backed Whites, left supported Reds; some remained neutral.
  • Notable members: Alexander Kerensky, Victor Chernov.
  • Influence prominent in the First Duma.
40
Q

Political devs to 1914

A
  • Stolypin restored order in the countryside
  • Est. court martials to deal w/ political crimes (cases had to finish in 2 days & accused was not allowed defence - deaths sentence carried out in a day) - 3000 convicted and arrest 1906-9
  • Agrarian situation improving
  • Dumas weakened to point of meaninglessness.
41
Q

Russo-Japanese war

Peace of Portsmouth

A

1905, signed treaty
* Recognised Japanese control of Korea
* Russia forced to hand over Manchurian railway leases and lease of Port Arthur to Japan
* Russia surrendered island of Sakhalin to Japan

42
Q

Russo - Japanese war

Results

A
  • Dire consequences for prestige, as in Crimean war Russia had overestimated their capabilities.
  • It would inevitably have serious domestic repercussions.
  • It highlighted Russia’s poor strategy and inadequate military planning

2. R: The collapse of autocracy 1894-1917 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions