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FMS: Neoplasia > 7. Neoplasia VII- Infection And Cancer > Flashcards

7. Neoplasia VII- Infection And Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Understand how some bacteria are linked to cancer (objective)

A

Answer later

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2
Q

Become familiar with the potential role of microbiota in cancer (objective)

A

Answer later

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3
Q

Understand how viruses are linked to cancer (objective)

A

Answer later

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4
Q

Gloval Infection-Related Cancer Data

A

92% of infections (H. Pylori, hep b/c, hpv)

2 million cancer cases

Gastric, liver, cervix/uteri

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5
Q

Damage to DNA causes

A

Chemicals, radiation, viral or bacterial infection

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6
Q

How does infection promote cancer?

A

Virus can bring oncogenes to cells

Virus can induce inflammation (which provides microenvironment for cancer progression)

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7
Q

How Organisms Induced Uncontrolled Cell Proliferation

A
  1. Uncouple normal regulatory mechanisms of cell cycle and division
  2. Prevent apoptosis
  3. Avoid host immune system
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8
Q
  1. Bacteria and Cancer (table)
A

H. Pylori and gastric cancer
H. Pylori and Gastric MALT lymphoma
Salmonella enterica and gallbladder cancer
H. Pylori reduces risk for oesophageal cancer

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9
Q

H. Pylori

A
  • Spiral shaped
  • Gram negative
  • long flagella (to get to mucosa layer of stomach)
  • can buffer to survive low pH (can be lifetime, low level of chronic inflammation)
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10
Q

H. Pylori and Gastric Cancer

A

Over 50% of world infected

-cancer of chronic inflammation (immune and cytokine response)

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11
Q

MALT Lymphoma

A

80% associated with H. Pylori

Only neoplasm known to be eliminated with antibiotics

LPS (lipopolysaccharide) from H pylori and autoantigen from damaged cells lead to expansion of a single B cell clone leading to MALT lymphoma (with more mutations becomes DLBCL, diffused large B cell lymphoma)

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12
Q

Factors promoting Gastric Cancer (third deadliest form of cancer worldwide)

A

CagA proteins on H. Pylori are linked to cancer

High salt consumption, cigarette smoking

Immune response, reactive oxygen species, increased proliferation, bacterial overgrowth, low acidity also promote gastric cancer.

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13
Q
  1. Microbiota and Cancer
A

Healthy vs. Dysbiotic Microbiota in (Gut Microbiome and Colon Cancer Balancing Act)

Healthy microbiota: balanced community, short chain fatty acids, liberation of vitamins and nutrients
Dysbiotic microbiota: adherent/invasive species, loss of protective species, activation of carcinogens)

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14
Q

Gut Microbiome and CRC Development

A

Bacterial driver-passenger model of CRC:
Driver bacterium initiates bad hyper-proliferation, passenger promotes inflammation (not initially but makes worse later and outcompetes driver bacteria from benign to malignant change)
Ex. Fusobacterium- passenger

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15
Q

Host Microbiota Interactions

A

Dysbiosis
Inflammation
Barrier Failure

These three are interrelated

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16
Q
  1. Human Cancer Viruses
A

Major cause of liver and cervical cancer

-cancer is a side effect of host response or host-viral replication

17
Q

Fates of Viral Infection

A
  1. Lytic infection: increase machinery, destroys cell and leaks viral contents
  2. Latent infection: lie dormant and can be reactivated
  3. Abortive Lytic Infection: expression of early viral genes, integrate into cell
18
Q

Generalization about viral transformation

A
  1. RNA viruses activate oncogenes (HIV, HCV)

2. DNA viruses negate tumor suppressors (HBV, HPV)

19
Q

Strategies

A 
Introduction of oncogenes (HPV)
Modified viral oncogenes
Chronic inflammatory damage (HBV/HCV)
Modulation of apoptosis (HPV)
Virus induced immunosuppression (HIV)
Permanent activation of signal transduction cascades
Modulation of cell cycle (HPV)
20
Q

Viral Inactivation of p53 Function

A

HPV E6: triggers degradation of p53

21
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A

Circular double-stranded DNA
Degrades p53, transmitted by close contact via breaks in epithelium
Infects basal epithelium (stem cells) of genital tract, skin, and upper respiratory tract (cutaneous HPV 1/5/8; genital/mucosal HPV 6/11/16/18)
E6 and E7 maintained and expressed in all stages of infection through malignancy
E6 binds and degrades p53
E7 interacts with pRB to disrupt host cell cycle and transcription

22
Q

Contribution of HPV-Infections to Cancer

A

Persistent infections required for cancer progression

Cofactors include tobacco, long term oral contraceptive use.

23
Q

HPV and Cervical Cancer

A

Pap smear picks up mild abnormalities to catch early.

Slide 42

24
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma- HBV and HCV

A

60% HBV

25% HCV

25
Q

HBV

A

Causes liver cancer

Transmission: perinatal, sexual, blood transfusion, IV drug use

26
Q

HBV and HCV

A

Both can be resolved and cleared

HBV- fails to trigger innate immunity
HCV- blocks innate immunity
Both can lead to liver cancer

FMS: Neoplasia (7 decks)

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