1. Neoplasia I- Nomenclature, Hisotology And Cytology Flashcards
Define nomenclature of tumor biology and pathology, related to origin and behavior (objective)
Answer later
Describe gross and microscopic features of benign and malignant tumors- histologic and cytologic features (objective)
Answer later
Benign vs. Malignant Histological and Cytological Characteristics (list)
Anaplasia (lack of differentiation) Dysplasia (disordered growth) Pleomorphism Abnormal nuclear morphology Increased mitotic activity Loss of polarity Ischemic necrosis
Tumor parenchyma
Neoplastic cells
Reactive stroma
Connective tissue, includes fibrous tissue, blood vessels and inflammatory cells
In malignant tumors, connective tissue contains abundant collagen and is firm: desmoplastic stroma (palpable masses)
Desmoplasia
Abundant collagen and firm in connective tissue of malignant tumors
Palpable masses
Benign Mesenchymal Neoplasm Nomenclature
-Cell of Origin + ~oma
Fibroma
Fibrous tissue
Lipoma
Adipose tissue (lipid)
Chondroma
Cartilage
Osteoma
Bone
Hemangioma
Blood vessels
Lymphangioma
Lymph vessels
Leiomyoma
Smooth muscle
Very common, occurs in uterus
Rhabomyoma
Striated muscle
Lipoma (histology)
Cytoplasm has fat vacuole, same size, nuclei on outer parts, benign
Leiomyoma (histology)
Spindle-shaped nuclei, same size/shape/staining, benign.
Malignant Mesenchymal Neoplasms Nomenclature
- Cell of Origin + ~sarcoma
- sar= fleshy (Greek)
Fibrosarcoma
Fibrous tissue
Liposarcoma
Adipose tissue (lipid)
Chondrosarcoma
Cartilage
Osteosarcoma
Bone
Angiosarcoma
Blood vessels
Lymphangiosarcoma
Lymph vessels
Leiomyosarcoma
Smooth muscle
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Striated muscle
Liposarcoma (histology)
Large, more whitish
Nuclei are bigger than benign version, more heterogenous looking
Leiomyosarcoma (histology)
Usually massive, variable size and staining properties, see mitotic figures
Benign Epithelial Neoplasms Nomenclature (example list)
Adenoma
Papilloma
Cystadenoma
Polyp
Adenoma (benign epithelial neoplasm)
Tumor from glands
Examples: adenoma in colon, adrenal gland, liver, kidney, salivary gland
Papilloma (benign epithelial neoplasm)
Producing fingerlike or warty projections
Examples: squamous papilloma upper respiratory tract, urinary bladder
Cystadenoma (benign epithelial neoplasm)
Forming large cystic masses
Examples: ovarian cystadenoma, cystadenoma of pancreas
Polyp (benign epithelial neoplasm)
Forming visible projection above mucosal surface
Examples: adenomatous polyp in colon
Tubular Adenoma of Colon (histology)
Adenomatous polyp (benign)
Abnormal looks darker because nuclei are larger
Ovarian Cystadenoma (visual)
Benign tumor, smooth ends compared to normal uterus/fallopian tubes/ovaries
Malignant Epithelial Neoplasms Nomenclature (example list)
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma (malignant epithelial neoplasm)
Tumor derived from glands
Examples: colon, breast, prostate, lung, stomach
Squamous cell carcinoma (malignant epithelial neoplasm)
Derived from squamous epithelium
Examples: skin, cervix, esophagus, lung
Renal cell carcinoma (malignant epithelial neoplasm)
Derived from kidney (renal) cells
Hepatocellular carcinoma (malignant epithelial neoplasm)
Derived from liver cells
Fibroadenoma
Benign neoplasm of breast
Biphasic neoplasm- derived from fibroblasts and glandular epithelium
Occurs in young women and harmless
Fibroadenoma (visual)
Grey fleshy appearance, crease is the glandular component
Fibroadenoma (histology)
Glandular- white long duct structures
Teratoma (teeth and hair)
- Germ cell tumor from totipotent germ cell in testis or ovary
- Can form somatic tissues from all 3 germ layers:
Endodermal- enteric-type glands, respiratory epithelium
Mesodermal- cartilage, smooth muscle
Ectodermal- squamous epithelium, neuronal tissue
Tumors that are exceptions to nomenclature
- Melanoma of skin (malignant)
2. Seminoma of testis (primitive germ cell tumor responsive to treatment)
Criteria to Distinguish Benign from Malignant
- Local Invasion
- Degree of differentiation (benign looks normal.
- Rate of growth and proliferation (malignant is faster)
- Distant spread (metastasis)
Anaplasia (definition and histology)
Malignant tumor, lack of differentiation (no resemblance to origin cells)
See abnormal mitotic figures and looks like a mess
Histologic Differentiation and Anaplasia
- Differentiation of a tumor
- Do tumor cells resemble origin normal cells?
- Close resemblance- well differentiated
- Little or no resemblance- poorly differentiated
- No resemblance- anaplastic
Local Invasion
Fingerlike projections, crab looking
Invasive Breast Carcinoma with infiltrative borders/invasive edges
Benign (visual, histology example)
Fibroadenoma
Circumscribed
Differentiated
Malignant (visual, histology example)
Invasive Breast Carcinoma
Infiltrative, locally invasive
Poor differentiation, ugly mess on histology
Dysplasia
Disordered growth
Most common in epithelial organs
Can be precursor lesion to invasive cancer
***Intact basement membrane
Invasive cancer- breach of basement membrane
Dysplasia (histology features)
Loss in architectural orientation
Loss in uniformity of individual cells
Nuclear pleomorphism
Large hyperchromatic nuclei with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
Rates of Growth and Tumor Necrosis
Benign tumors grow slow
Malignant tumors grow faster
Growth rate not reliable to distinguish between benign from malignant
Tumor necrosis is feature of malignancy.
Rapidly growing cancers may outgrow their blood supply (results in reduced blood supply, ischemia, and tumor necrosis)
