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FMS: Neoplasia > 1. Neoplasia I- Nomenclature, Hisotology And Cytology > Flashcards

1. Neoplasia I- Nomenclature, Hisotology And Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Define nomenclature of tumor biology and pathology, related to origin and behavior (objective)

A

Answer later

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2
Q

Describe gross and microscopic features of benign and malignant tumors- histologic and cytologic features (objective)

A

Answer later

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3
Q

Benign vs. Malignant Histological and Cytological Characteristics (list)

A 
Anaplasia (lack of differentiation)
Dysplasia (disordered growth)
Pleomorphism 
Abnormal nuclear morphology
Increased mitotic activity
Loss of polarity
Ischemic necrosis
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4
Q

Tumor parenchyma

A

Neoplastic cells

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5
Q

Reactive stroma

A

Connective tissue, includes fibrous tissue, blood vessels and inflammatory cells

In malignant tumors, connective tissue contains abundant collagen and is firm: desmoplastic stroma (palpable masses)

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6
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Abundant collagen and firm in connective tissue of malignant tumors

Palpable masses

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7
Q

Benign Mesenchymal Neoplasm Nomenclature

A

-Cell of Origin + ~oma

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8
Q

Fibroma

A

Fibrous tissue

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9
Q

Lipoma

A

Adipose tissue (lipid)

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10
Q

Chondroma

A

Cartilage

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11
Q

Osteoma

A

Bone

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12
Q

Hemangioma

A

Blood vessels

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13
Q

Lymphangioma

A

Lymph vessels

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14
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Smooth muscle

Very common, occurs in uterus

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15
Q

Rhabomyoma

A

Striated muscle

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16
Q

Lipoma (histology)

A

Cytoplasm has fat vacuole, same size, nuclei on outer parts, benign

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17
Q

Leiomyoma (histology)

A

Spindle-shaped nuclei, same size/shape/staining, benign.

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18
Q

Malignant Mesenchymal Neoplasms Nomenclature

A
  • Cell of Origin + ~sarcoma

- sar= fleshy (Greek)

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19
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

Fibrous tissue

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20
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Adipose tissue (lipid)

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21
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Cartilage

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22
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Bone

23
Q

Angiosarcoma

A

Blood vessels

24
Q

Lymphangiosarcoma

A

Lymph vessels

25
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Smooth muscle

26
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Striated muscle

27
Q

Liposarcoma (histology)

A

Large, more whitish

Nuclei are bigger than benign version, more heterogenous looking

28
Q

Leiomyosarcoma (histology)

A

Usually massive, variable size and staining properties, see mitotic figures

29
Q

Benign Epithelial Neoplasms Nomenclature (example list)

A

Adenoma
Papilloma
Cystadenoma
Polyp

30
Q

Adenoma (benign epithelial neoplasm)

A

Tumor from glands

Examples: adenoma in colon, adrenal gland, liver, kidney, salivary gland

31
Q

Papilloma (benign epithelial neoplasm)

A

Producing fingerlike or warty projections

Examples: squamous papilloma upper respiratory tract, urinary bladder

32
Q

Cystadenoma (benign epithelial neoplasm)

A

Forming large cystic masses

Examples: ovarian cystadenoma, cystadenoma of pancreas

33
Q

Polyp (benign epithelial neoplasm)

A

Forming visible projection above mucosal surface

Examples: adenomatous polyp in colon

34
Q

Tubular Adenoma of Colon (histology)

A

Adenomatous polyp (benign)

Abnormal looks darker because nuclei are larger

35
Q

Ovarian Cystadenoma (visual)

A

Benign tumor, smooth ends compared to normal uterus/fallopian tubes/ovaries

36
Q

Malignant Epithelial Neoplasms Nomenclature (example list)

A

Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma

37
Q

Adenocarcinoma (malignant epithelial neoplasm)

A

Tumor derived from glands

Examples: colon, breast, prostate, lung, stomach

38
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma (malignant epithelial neoplasm)

A

Derived from squamous epithelium

Examples: skin, cervix, esophagus, lung

39
Q

Renal cell carcinoma (malignant epithelial neoplasm)

A

Derived from kidney (renal) cells

40
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma (malignant epithelial neoplasm)

A

Derived from liver cells

41
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

Benign neoplasm of breast

Biphasic neoplasm- derived from fibroblasts and glandular epithelium

Occurs in young women and harmless

42
Q

Fibroadenoma (visual)

A

Grey fleshy appearance, crease is the glandular component

43
Q

Fibroadenoma (histology)

A

Glandular- white long duct structures

44
Q

Teratoma (teeth and hair)

A
  1. Germ cell tumor from totipotent germ cell in testis or ovary
  2. Can form somatic tissues from all 3 germ layers:
    Endodermal- enteric-type glands, respiratory epithelium
    Mesodermal- cartilage, smooth muscle
    Ectodermal- squamous epithelium, neuronal tissue
45
Q

Tumors that are exceptions to nomenclature

A
  1. Melanoma of skin (malignant)

2. Seminoma of testis (primitive germ cell tumor responsive to treatment)

46
Q

Criteria to Distinguish Benign from Malignant

A
  1. Local Invasion
  2. Degree of differentiation (benign looks normal.
  3. Rate of growth and proliferation (malignant is faster)
  4. Distant spread (metastasis)
47
Q

Anaplasia (definition and histology)

A

Malignant tumor, lack of differentiation (no resemblance to origin cells)

See abnormal mitotic figures and looks like a mess

48
Q

Histologic Differentiation and Anaplasia

A
  1. Differentiation of a tumor
  2. Do tumor cells resemble origin normal cells?
    - Close resemblance- well differentiated
    - Little or no resemblance- poorly differentiated
    - No resemblance- anaplastic
49
Q

Local Invasion

A

Fingerlike projections, crab looking

Invasive Breast Carcinoma with infiltrative borders/invasive edges

50
Q

Benign (visual, histology example)

A

Fibroadenoma
Circumscribed
Differentiated

51
Q

Malignant (visual, histology example)

A

Invasive Breast Carcinoma
Infiltrative, locally invasive
Poor differentiation, ugly mess on histology

52
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disordered growth
Most common in epithelial organs
Can be precursor lesion to invasive cancer
***Intact basement membrane
Invasive cancer- breach of basement membrane

53
Q

Dysplasia (histology features)

A

Loss in architectural orientation
Loss in uniformity of individual cells
Nuclear pleomorphism
Large hyperchromatic nuclei with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

54
Q

Rates of Growth and Tumor Necrosis

A

Benign tumors grow slow
Malignant tumors grow faster
Growth rate not reliable to distinguish between benign from malignant

Tumor necrosis is feature of malignancy.
Rapidly growing cancers may outgrow their blood supply (results in reduced blood supply, ischemia, and tumor necrosis)

FMS: Neoplasia (7 decks)

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