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Biology DAT > 7. Metabolism > Flashcards

7. Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is a catabolic rxn?

A

A rxn that breaks down molecules and produces E

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2
Q

What is an anabolic rxn?

A

Synthesis of molecules and requires E

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3
Q

What is internal vs external respiration?

A

Internal: respiration btw blood and cells
External: respiration btw outside air and lungs

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4
Q

Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic: O2 present
Anaerobic: O2 not present

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5
Q

Aerobic respiration of glucose step by step

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate decarboxylation
Kreb cycle
ETC

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6
Q

Anaerobic respiration of glucose step by step

A

Glycolysis
Fermentation

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7
Q

Where does glycolysis happen

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Describe the 3 stages of glycolysis

A

Energy investment:
- glucose is converted to intermediate molecule
- 2 atp is used to charge molecules

Cleavage:
Intermediate molecule is broken into 2 molecules

Energy payout:
- intermediate molecule is converted to pyruvate
- 4 atp is produced
- 2 nadh is produced

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9
Q

Where does pyruvate decarboxylation happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

Explain the process of pyruvate carboxylation.

A

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA
- CO2 is leaving group (instead if Co-A)
- 1 nadh is produced

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11
Q

Where does kreb cycle happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

Explain kreb cycle.

A

Acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate in a cycle to generate:
- 2 CO2
- 1 gtp
- 1 fadh2
- 3 nadh

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13
Q

Where does ETC located?

A

Imbedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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14
Q

What is the ETC mostly made up of?

A

Cytochromes

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15
Q

What are cytochromes?

A

Electron carriers with active sites that contain iron.
Can be easily oxidized and reduced.

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16
Q

What is the electron donor in the ETC?

A

NADH
FADH2

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17
Q

What is the electron acceptor in ETC?

A

O2

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18
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

The protein complex that uses the proton motive force to pump H+ to generate atp

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19
Q

In which direction does atp synthase pump H+?

A

from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix

20
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

ATP generated directly from redox rxn

21
Q

What is oxidative level phosphorylation?

A

ATP generated through ETC and electron carriers

22
Q

How much atp does 1 nadh produce?

A

3

23
Q

How much atp does 1 fadh2 produce?

A

2

24
Q

State the number and type or electron carriers and atp used or produced during glycolysis through substrate LP, oxidative LP, and in total from 1 glucose.

A

Substrate LP:
- 2 atp used
- 4 atp produced

Oxidative LP: 2 nadh produced

Total: 8 atp

25
Q

State the number and type or electron carriers and atp used or produced during pyruvate decarboxylation through substrate LP, oxidative LP, and in total from 1 glucose.

A

Substrate LP: 0

Oxidative LP: 2 nadh

Total: 6 ATP

26
Q

State the number and type or electron carriers and atp used or produced during kreb cycle through substrate LP, oxidative LP, and in total from 1 glucose.

A

Substrate LP: 2 gtp

Oxidative LP:
- 6 nadh
- 2 fadh2

Total: 24 ATP

27
Q

How many atp are generated from 1 glcuose molecule using aerobic respiration?

A

36 to 38

28
Q

What happens during fermentation metabolically?

A

Atp cant be produced
Cell works to replenish nad+ used in glycolysis

29
Q

What occurs during alcohol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate converted to ethanol

30
Q

What occurs during lactic acid fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid

31
Q

Which form of fermentation do human muscle cells and most bacteria undergo?

A

Lactic acid fermentation

32
Q

Generically speaking, how are other carbohydrates used as fuel source?

A

Glycogen turns into glucose intermediate

Disaccharides undergo hydrolysis to form monosaccharides, which in turn is converted to glucose intermediate

33
Q

Which source of metabolic energy produces the most atp for the body?

A

fats

34
Q

Explain in relative detail how triglycerides are broken down.

A
  1. TAG is broken into fatty acid and glycerol by lipases enzyme
  2. Glycerol turns into glucose intermediate
  3. Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation rxn and are converted into shorter fatty acid chains and acetyl-CoA
35
Q

What are the net products of beta-oxidation per round?

A

1 nadh
1 fadh2

36
Q

Under what conditions are proteins broken down for energy?

A

Low energy emergency situations

37
Q

In relative detail explain how proteins are broken down in the body.

A
  1. Proteins undergo transamination rxn and are converted into alpha-ketos.
  2. The rxn also produces acetyl-CoA, pyruvate or kreb cycle intermediates that are used for to produce atp
  3. The rxn also releases NH4+ which undergoes oxidative deamination into ammonia, uric acid, or urea
38
Q

What two reactions make up photosynthesis?

A

Light rxn
Dark rxn

39
Q

What is the unbalanced formula for photosynthesis?

A

6co2 + 12h2o + light -> c6h12o6 + 6h2o + 6o2

40
Q

What are the two methods for light rxn to occur?

A

Cyclic electron flow
Non-cyclic electron flow

41
Q

Which photosystems does cyclic electron flow use?

A

Photosystem 1

42
Q

Which photosystems does non-cyclic electron flow use?

A

Photosystem 2 and 1

43
Q

Explain cyclic electron flow in relative detail.

A

Photosystem 1:

  1. Light photons reach p700 chlorophyll cells
  2. P700 cells release an excited electron
  3. The electron travels through an ETC
  4. The ETC pumps H+ in one direction creating a gradient
  5. ATP synthase uses the proton motive force to generate ATP
  6. The electron returns to the p700
44
Q

Explain non-cyclic electron flow in relative detail.

A

Photosystem 2:
1. Photon excites the p680 chlorophyll cells
2. P680 uses light energy to converts h2o into o2
3. P680 releases 2 excited electrons
4. The electrons travel through an ETC
5. ETC pumps and generates ATP

Photosystem 1:
6. The electrons travel to the p700 cells
7. P700 uses the electrons to convert nadp+ into nadph

45
Q

Chronically when does the dark rxn happen?

A

Only during the day

46
Q

Give a summary of the calvin cycle.

A
  1. Co2 is converted to unstable sugar intermediates
  2. nadph oxidizes the intermediates
  3. Atp is used to form glucose

Biology DAT (3 decks)

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