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Biology DAT > 5. Cellular biology > Flashcards

5. Cellular biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell theory?

A

• all living things are made of cell
• cell is the basic unit of lite
• chemical rxns of life take place in cell
• Cells form from pre-existing cells
• Cell carry DNA that is passed to daughter cells

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2
Q

What cell structures do prokaryotes have?

A

Membrane
Cytoplasm
Genome
Ribosome

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3
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

State of the cell membrane and illustrates that it is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

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4
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Contains DNA and nucleolus

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5
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

2 ribosomal subunits

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

Protein synthesis

The RER is studded with ribosomes, which facilitate the production of proteins.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

Metabolism and lipid production

The SER is involved in the synthesis of lipids and the metabolism of carbohydrates.

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8
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Delivery network of the cell; modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids produced in the ER.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of nucleolus?

A

Site of rRNA production

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10
Q

What folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called?

A

Cristae

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11
Q

How do mitochondria replicate?

A

Mitochondria replicates its circular genome via binary fission.

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12
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Cytosol is the fluid component of the cytoplasm.

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13
Q

What is cyclosis?

A

Cyclosis is the flow of cytoplasm facilitated by the cytoskeleton.

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14
Q

What are the functions of vacuoles in animal cells?

A

Transferring substances in and out of the cell
Storing water and minerals

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15
Q

What do plant vacuoles primarily store?

A

Plant vacuoles primarily store water and minerals.

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16
Q

What are centrioles made of?

A

Centrioles are composed of microtubules.

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17
Q

Where are centrioles located?

A

Centrioles are located in the centrosome.

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18
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down cellular waste and can cause autolysis.

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19
Q

Which type of cells don’t have centrioles?

A

Plant cells

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20
Q

What are lysosomes? What is their function?

A

Membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes. It breaks down stuff and causes autolysis.

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21
Q

What is autolysis?

A

Autolysis is the self-destruction of a cell.

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22
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

Region of cell that organizes microtubules and regulates cell cycle

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23
Q

What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Supports cell, maintains shape, and aids mobility

The cytoskeleton is essential for cell structure and movement.

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24
Q

What are the main components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments

These components work together to provide structural support and facilitate movement.

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25
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Hollow rods of polymerized tubulin

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26
Q

Give three examples of structures formed by microtubules.

A
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
  • centrioles
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27
Q

What are microfilaments primarily made of?

A

Solid rods of actin

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28
Q

What functions do microfilaments serve?

A
  • Support and mobility for the cell
  • Muscle contractions with myosin
  • Move materials across plasma membrane
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29
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Groups of filamentous proteins that withstand great tension

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30
Q

What is an example of an intermediate filament?

A

Keratin

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31
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

support the cell and allow organelle movement

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32
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

Intermediate filaments provide structural support to the backbone of cell and anchor organelles in place.

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33
Q

What is Simple Diffusion?

A

Transport of molecules down a concentration gradient passively.

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34
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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35
Q

Define isotonic.

A

A solution where the concentration of solute is equal inside and outside the cell.

36
Q

What happens in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water moves into the cell, which may cause it to lyse (burst).

37
Q

What is the result of a hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell, leading to plasmolysis (shriveling).

38
Q

Fill in the blank: In a hypotonic solution, a cell may _______.

A

lyse

39
Q

Fill in the blank: In a hypertonic solution, a cell undergoes _______.

A

plasmolysis

40
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive diffusion of larger and charged particles through protein channels and carriers.

Facilitated diffusion does not require energy input.

41
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport of molecules against their concentration gradient with help of ATP, transport proteins, and carrier molecules.

Active transport requires energy.

42
Q

What is the role of symporters?

A

Move ions in one direction.

Symporters facilitate the simultaneous transport of two different substances.

43
Q

What do antiporters do?

A

Exchange ions for another.

Antiporters transport two different ions or molecules in opposite directions.

44
Q

What is a pump in the context of cellular transport?

A

Energy-dependent carriers (e.g., Na+/K+ pump).

Pumps use ATP to move ions against their concentration gradient.

45
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Uptake of large volumes by engulfing it.

Endocytosis allows cells to intake large particles or fluids.

46
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis? What are their functions?

A
  • Pinocytosis
  • Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis is the uptake of liquids, while phagocytosis is for solids.

47
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Excreting large substances used in cell growth and intercellular signaling.

Exocytosis is critical for the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters.

48
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2
M

49
Q

What happens during G2 in the cell cycle?

A

The cell grows and synthesizes protein in preparation for division

50
Q

What does G1 represent in the cell cycle?

A

The first gap phase where the cell grows and synthesizes proteins.

51
Q

What is interphase? In terms of cell cycle?

A

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell is not actively dividing.

G1, S, G2 phases

52
Q

What is the S phase in the cell cycle?

A

The phase where DNA synthesis occurs.

53
Q

What does M stand for in the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis or meiosis.

54
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The point where chromatids join together

55
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

A singular chromosome strand

56
Q

What is Sister chromatid?

A

Two identical chromatids

57
Q

Is a chromatid attached to a centromere by itself considered a chromosome?

A

Yes

58
Q

What form is DNA in during interphase?

A

DNA strands plus histones

59
Q

What is the result of mitosis?

A

Produces 2 identical daughter cells in somatic cells

60
Q

What is are somatic cells?

A

Non gamete cells

61
Q

What is karyokinesis?

A

The nuclear division of mitosis

62
Q

What are the steps of mitosis?

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

63
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  1. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  2. Nuclear membrane dissolves
  3. Centrioles separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
64
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  1. Centrioles anchor to the cell membrane with spindle fibers
  2. Centrioles attach to kinetochore protein of centromere with spindle fibers
  3. Align chromosomes across metaphase and pate
65
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  1. Centromeres split, separating sister chromatids
  2. Spindle fibers shorten, pulling sister chromatids to opposite sides
66
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  1. Spindle fibers disappear
  2. Nucleus forms around each set of sister chromatids
67
Q

What is the ploidy of each daughter nuclei after telophase in mitosis?

A

Diploid (2n)

68
Q

What happens in cytokinesis in animals?

A
  1. Organelles are duplicated
  2. Cleavage furrow takes place
69
Q

What is cleavage furrow?

A

Animal cells pinch during mitosis into 2 daughter cells

70
Q

What happens in cytokinesis into plants?

A
  1. Organelles duplicate
  2. Cell plate forms around each
71
Q

What is cell plate formation?

A

It is how plant cells divide by creating a cell wall between two daughter nuclei during mitosis into

72
Q

What is ploidy?

A

Number of copies of homologous chromosomes

73
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes with same genes but different alleles

74
Q

What is the ploidy equation?

A

Number of original chromosomes X ploidy = total number of chromosomes

75
Q

How is interphase in meiosis different from mitosis?

A

A chromosome has 4 sister chromatids

76
Q

How is prophase 1 different compared to mitosis?

A

It involved crossing over

77
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Genetic exchange between chromatids of homologous chromosomes

78
Q

How does crossing over happen?

A
  1. Synpasis forms tetrad
  2. DNA is cut at chiasmata and exchanged between chromatids of homologous chromosomes
79
Q

What is synapsis in meiosis?

A

Process of homologous chromosomes coming together

80
Q

What is a tetrad in meiosis?

A

The structure of 2 homologous chromosomes joining together

81
Q

What is chiasmata?

A

Location on chromatid where DNA is cut during crossing over

82
Q

How is anaphase 1 different compared to mitosis?

A

Disjunction takes place

83
Q

What is disjunction?

A

The process of separating homologous chromosomes during anaphase 1

84
Q

According to what law does disjunction take place? Explain.

A

Mendelian law of segregation which states that disjunction must occur randomly

85
Q

What is the ploidy of daughter cells after telophase 1?

A

Haploid (1n)

Biology DAT (3 decks)

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