7) Mechanical properties of solids and tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

Interactions between molecules of solids

A

Molecules of solids interact through Van Der Waals forces

The spacing of molecules is 10^-10

Density of solids is larger

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2
Q

Spatial arrangements of molecules of solids

A

Determined by interaction forces between molecules

Most stable has minimum potential energy of interaction forces

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3
Q

Crystal lattice

A

An arrangement of points repeating periodically in three dimensions

They consist of identical unit class that fill the space of the lattice

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4
Q

Lattice order

A

Long range order
-arrangement of unit cells is continuous and unbroken

Short range order
-the crystal like structure is unbroken only for short distances

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5
Q

Single crystal

A

The crystal lattice is continuous and unbroken in the whole body

Single crystals are anisotropic 
-properties are directionally dependent 
. Mechanical strength 
.thermal conductivity 
.velocity of light
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6
Q

Polycrystals

A

Polycrystals- bodies made out of smaller monocrystals with random orientation

Polycrystals are isotropic- they’re homogenous in all directions

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7
Q

Amorphous bodies

A

No repeating structures

Isotropic in all their properties

No definite boundary between solid and liquid states =supercooled liquids

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8
Q

Classification of crystal lattices

A

230 space groups
32 classes
7 system

Polymorphism when a solid material can exist in more than one form of crystal lattice

Eg:carbon in graphite and diamond

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9
Q

Classification of crystal lattice 2

A

Ionic
Metallic
Molecular
Network (atomic)

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10
Q

Ionic crystal lattice

A

Salts have ionic crystal lattice

DRAWING
NACL

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11
Q

Metallic lattice

A

A sea of delocalised electrons around positive charge

.high electrical conductivity
.high thermal conductivity

Eg: zinc

DRAWING

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12
Q

Network crystal lattices

A

Elements in group 14 of the periodic table have network crystal lattices

eg:carbon

DRAWING

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13
Q

Molecular crystal lattice

A

Crystal lattice is made by interaction of weak Van Der Waals forces

Eg: ice, co2 bromine and iodine

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14
Q

Polymers

A

Long chains composed of repeating units called monomers

Protein is a naturally occurring polymer

Eg:cotton and skin

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15
Q

Properties of polymers

A

Strong and capable of large elastic deformations

Very viscous

Don’t exist in gaseous state

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16
Q

Conformations of polymers

A

Thermal motion and external forces cause reconfiguration of the polymer

17
Q

Liquid crystals

A

Liquid crystals

  • can flow
  • are anisotropic

Have narrow temp range

Properties are determined by structure or by shape

18
Q

Types of liquid crystals

A

Nematic
Smectic
Cholesteric

19
Q

Nematic

A

Long range orientational order

No positional order

20
Q

Smectic

A

Long range orientational order

Long range positional order In one direction

21
Q

Cholesteric

A

Arranged in layers

Orentiation is rotated by small angle from one layer to the next

Sensitive to external factors

22
Q

Deformation

A

Change in the size and shape of the body due to applied force

Mechanical properties of solids depend on their ability to resist deformation

23
Q

Types of deformation

A

Elastic
Then body recovers to its original shape and size

Plastic
Permanent deformation occurs

24
Q

Types of deformations 2

A
Classification:
Tensile 
Compression 
Bending 
Shear 
Twisting 

Examples
Muscles: stretching and compressing
Bones: stretching, bending and twisting

25
Q

Mechanism of elastic deformation

A

The distance between molecules change

Internal elastic forces arise trying to restore initial state

26
Q

Mechanical stress

A

Ó= F/S

F is deforming force
S is area of cross section

27
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

Applied stress ó and strain ę are directly proportional

Ó= Eę

E is Young’s modulus

Strain

ę=🔺L/L

28
Q

Modulus of elasticity

A

E is Young’s modulus and is a temperature dependant constant

Equal strain means higher stress in materials

29
Q

Deformation is crystalline solids

A

DRAWING

C is strength
B is elastic limit
A is proportional limit

30
Q

Other mechanical properties

A

Plasticity and brittleness

Hardness is determined by material resistance to scratching

Strength is determined by ultimate strength

31
Q

Deformation of polymers

A

Wrapping of long molecular chains is changed by deformation forces

Tensile force strengthens chain

32
Q

Elasticity of polymers

A

Rubber can experience strain of 300% without breaking but steel breaks at 0.3%strain

33
Q

Creep

A

Is the time dependant time stress and strain

Drawing x 3
F
ę
Ó

34
Q

Bone tissue

A

Made from hydroxyapatite and collage in ration 2:1

Fast deformation due to hydroxypatite and collages due to creep

35
Q

Skin

A

Main components
Collagen 75% and elastin 4%

Elastin stretches up to 300
Collage up to 10

36
Q

Muscles

A

Built of elastin and collagen

Deformation due to straightening of collagen molecules

37
Q

Walls of blood vessels

A

High collagen means less elasticity and higher strength

Elastin: collagen

2: 1 in carotid artery
1: 2 in the femoral artery