7 markers Flashcards
For a named volcano you have studied, explain the causes of a volcanic eruption? *
Eyjafjallajökull
1)
- stratovolcano in the south of Iceland.
- on the constructive boundary between the North American (moving westwards) and Eurasian (moving eastwards) tectonic plates, which makes up the mid-Atlantic ridge, as well as being on the Icelandic volcanic hotspot.
- most recent eruption began on the 20th of March, 2010 and continued into June of that year.
2)
- On a constructive boundary, the North American and Eurasian plates are moving apart by convection currents in the mantle and sea-floor spreading.
- Resulting in the creation of a low pressure gap between the two plates.
- Pressure from asthenosphere results in low density magma forcing its way through cracks and fissures in the crust until it reaches the surface of the crust to erupt as lava once sufficient pressure builds.
- This causes volcanic eruptions and the lava cool and solidifies.
3)
- phenomenon is exacerbated by the location on the Icelandic hotspot, meaning that there is a plume of rising magma beneath the island that increases the pressure with which magma is forced upwards through cracks.
- As a result, necessary pressure for an eruption occurs more frequently.
- E15 also has a glacier on its summit, meaning that any eruption will cause a large amount of ice to melt, leading to water flowing into the summit crater and being superheated, causing more explosive eruptions of gas.
- its eruptions can have multiple stages as water rushes in multiple times after an initial release of hot gas and lava.
Describe the main features of a delta and explain its formation. *
1) Explain the formation
- When rivers meet seas or lakes, they deposit their carried material. The absence of tidal currents can lead to delta formation.
- Rivers must carry a large amount of sediment for deltas to form and require a large amount of deposition to form.
- Flocculation, when salt particles stick together, and bioconstruction, when vegetation slows the river, increase deposition
- Delta formation requires a rapid drop in river velocity and primarily form on flat land.
2) Features
- A delta typically comprises:
Fore-set beds at the base, formed by heavier material.
Lighter suspended particles form bottom-set beds.
Top-set beds, layers of alluvium, deposited over the fore-set beds.
- The river might split into distributaries atop the delta, aiding its growth.
- Vegetation further stabilises the sediment.
- Deltas can adopt various forms such with the arcuate delta (like the Nile Delta) and the bird-foot delta (like the Mississippi Delta) being the most prominent.
For an example of a country you have studied, explain why natural population growth rates are high? *
Niger
1) Lack of contraception
- 90% of the population is Muslim
- Lack of education about contraception.
- Highest fertility rate in the world in 2016 of 7.0 per woman.
2) Culture
- Men dominate and want 12 children on average.
- Children for labour.
- Early marriages - 60% involve under 16s.
- High birth rate
3) Low infant mortality rates and poor health care.
- 47 deaths/1000
For a named area you have studied, explain how economic activity is managed to reduce the risks to the natural environment. *
Encouraging ecotourism
* Ecotourism is tourism that has little on impact on the environent and involves contributing positively to local ecosystems.
* An example of a popular ecotourism attraction in Jamaica is the National park, called the Blue and John Crow Mountains.
* The environment is protected because nature reserves and eco-lodges are built.
* The park accounts for 4.5% of Jamaica’s land surface.
* Entry fees are $10 for adults in national parks to allow the preservation of local wildlife.
2) Marine Parks
* The Negril Marine Park nature reserve was established in 1998 to help preserve sea life that tourist snorkellers and divers want to see such as coral reefs.
* The Park covers a total area of approximately 160 km2.
* The park is managed through enforcement of the Marine Park Regulations with ranger patrols and zoning.
3) Reducing Pollution:
* A water treatment plant was built at Logwood, a town in Jamaica, to limit pollution from Negril’s hotels.
* Jamaica introduced a ban on single-use plastic bags, plastic straws and Styrofoam in a bid to reduce the impact plastic is having on the environment.
* Plastic pollution results in flooding as it piles up in waterways as well as damage to coastal and marine ecosystems.
* Sea mammals such as whales and turtles as well as sea birds and other sea life ingest plastics leading to fatalities. Microplastics discovered in fishes is then in turn is consumed by people.
For a named settlement you have studied, state its functions and why these developed here? *
Cornwall
1) Administration
- Administrative centre for the county Cornwall.
- There is Cornwall Council and Cornwall’s Courts of Justice.
- Developed due to the strong economy in the 19th century.
2) Shopping centre
- Wide range of national High Street chains e.g. the White company, Primark and Joules.
- Also indoor and outdoor markets
- Historically a significant market town.
3) Port
- The Port of Truro is 10km2
- 1500 of the 4500 moorings in the Fal estuary are in the port.
- Coastal location
For a named urban area you have studied, describe and explain the characteristics of the CBD? *
- The City of London is the CBD.
- Historic centre and now home to banking, legal and professional services.
- Location of the Bank of England.
- 2022: London came second (after New York) in the Global Financial Centres Index.
- Construction of Canary Wharf began in 1988 and it is now considered part of the CBD.
- Location of the offices of the banks HSBC and Barclays.
- London is the second most visited city (20 million visitors every year)
- West End
- Remember to name key visual characteristics.
Describe the opportunities provided for local people by a named river you have studied? *
1) Water supply
- The Indus and its tributaries are the main water supply for Pakistan’s population of over 170 million.
- There are treaties between India and Pakistan about use of water in the Indus tributaries.
- Irrigation and agriculture. Rainfall in the southern parts of the country is less than 250 mm per year but there are rich alluvial soils. There is a complex irrigation network of dams and canals, including the 1350-m-long Guddu Barrage.
2) Hydroelectricity
- For example, the Taunsa Barrage produces 100 000 kilowatts of electricity.
- This is vital for urban centres and heavy industry.
3) Fishing
- This is particularly important in the Sindh area.
- Palla fish is a delicacy for people living along the river with Sukkur being the major fishing centres.
- Fish farming of pomfret and prawns is important in the delta.
Impacts of named volcanic eruption? *
E15
1) Damage to infrastructure.
- Homes and roads were damaged
- Services were disrupted
- Water from glaciers melted causing flooding (jökulhlaup) especially Markarfljót glacial river
2) Economic impact due to no-fly zone.
- Europe’s biggest tourism businesses lost between £5 million and £6 million per day.
- Airlines lost a combined £130 million per day in lost revenues according to the International Air Transport Association.
- Kenya’s economy lost £2.8 because of flights to Europe being cancelled affecting trade.
- Huge increase in passenger numbers on Eurostar.
- Iceland’s tourist industry is now worth $3 billion due the spike in interest.
3) Impact on agriculture
- Ash contaminated local water supplies.
- Ash covered crops resulting in lower crop yields.
- 500 local cattle had to be evacuated.
- However, soil fertility has increased in the long term as the ash provides minerals and nutrients.
For a named urban area you have studied, describe a change in land use and explain why it has caused conflict?
For a named river you have studied, describe the hazards and difficulties of living close to it?/ impacts of flooding. *
1) Loss of life
- In 2010 1700 people died
- People were killed by drowning or electrocution.
- Or they were crushed by collapsing walls.
- About 450,000 livestock were lost.
2) Loss of homes and infrastructure
- In 2010 over 700,000 homes were damaged or destroyed causing widespread homelessness.
- Damage also occurred to roads, railways, bridges and the electricity network.
- In 2010 10,000 schools were damaged or destroyed.
3) Damage to land
- In 2010 the floodwaters covered roughly 1/5th of Pakistan’s land area.
- In 2016, 690,000 hectares of arable land were inundated.
- Many people suffered from malnutrition and lack of clean water
- 6 million needed food aid.
For a named area where tourism is important, describe and explain how it has negative impacts for the people. *
1) Rapid urbanisation
* Areas have become built-up, congested and polluted.
* Mass tourism has mostly affected the areas around Jamaica’s north coast resorts, east of Negril and as far as Ocho Rios.
2) Water scarcity
* Tourists consume huge amount of water. One study found that the average tourist in Jamaica uses between 600 and 2000 litres of water per night.
* This means that less water is made available to locals and they consume, between 4 - 10 times less water.
3) Jobs
* Although, tourism has created jobs it has also has negative impacts on employment
* Many of the jobs are very unstable and also seasonal. E.g. the global pandemic hit, services industries, like hotels. 50,000 employees directly employed in the tourism sector had to be laid off.
For a named area of tropical rainforest, explain why deforestation has taken place. *
Borneo
1) Agriculture
- Local farmers burn areas of forest to clear land for crop plantations.
- 190 000 hectares on Borneo Islands are devoted to rice production.
- In West Kalimantan, vast areas of peat swamp forests have been cleared for palm oil plantations.
2) Commercial logging
- Trees are felled for timber.
- Legal and illegal logging have been major drivers of deforestation, fueled by demand for tropical hardwoods.
- Sarawak (Malaysia) has experienced heavy logging since the 1980s.
3) Road building
- Roads such as Pan Borneo Highway Project (a 5,324-kilometer road network) have been built to provide access further into the forests
For an example of international migration you have studied, describe the positive and negative impacts on the country of origin.
Poland
1) Remittances
- Polish migrants send home £2.2 billion in remittances a year.
- Multiplier effect.
2) Reduced population has improved quality of life in Poland.
- Reduction in unemployment due to vacant jobs.
- Reduced strain on services.
- Reduced levels of congestion and pollution
3) Decrease in the working age population.
- 80% of the workers who migrate to the UK are between 18 and 35 years old.
- Ageing population increasing the dependency ratio.
- Loss of skilled workers especially in the construction sector.
For a named country you have studied, describe the problems which have been caused by a
high rate of population growth/large dependent population?
Niger
1) Poverty
- People cannot work because they are caring for children.
- High taxes because dependent population don’t pay.
- 45% live below the poverty line
- The economy is the second poorest in the world
- Low literacy rates and reliance on agriculture means it is difficult for people to find jobs so there is high unemployment rates.
2) Poor health
- Only 2 doctors per 100,000 people
- 90% lack proper sanitation
- 50% of rural population lack access to safe drinking water
- Pressure on working population to provide food.
- 38% of children under 5 are underweight
3) Poor education
- Large young dependent population to provide education for.
- Low literacy rates and only 4 out of 10 girls finish primary school.
For a named urban area you have studied, describe the problems of urban sprawl for the people living there? *
1) Traffic congestion and transport
- The Favelas have few roads and usually don’t have access to public transport.
- Transport systems are overloaded leading to smog.
- 2022: jam over 180km long . Commuters lose 1 month a year in traffic.
- 7 million cars registered in the city.
2) Housing
- Migrants have to find a patch of ground that no one else wants.
- This is usually on the outskirts, steep slopes or places liable to flood. (Marginalised land)
- They have to build shelter with whatever they can find e.g. cardboard or wood.
- Shanty towns known as favelas.
3) Healthcare
- There are insufficient doctors and clinics.
- Poor sanitation leads to cholera and typhoid.
- Air pollution causes respiratory problems.
- Only 1.4% of people with COVID-19 symptoms in the favelas such as Heliopolis were tested.
For a named country you have studied, describe the problems caused by underpopulation?
Management of volcanic eruption?
E15
1) Emergency services
- Icelandic Red Cross
- Helped to evacuate people (800 evacuated)
- Provide emergency supplies and food.
- Clear ash and debris
- Set up service centres for psychological support, general advice and insurance issues + 24 hour emergency hotline.
2) Prevention of flight accidents from ash.
- Airspace of many European countries close (largest air traffic shutdown since World War 2)
- Over 100,000 flights cancelled over
3) Monitoring of volcano
- Icelandic Meteorological Office.
- Monitors earth movements, water conditions and gases.
- They were aware that E15 was behaving strangely 11 weeks before due to gases given off and minor earthquakes.
- Ash cloud was monitored
For a named country or region you have studied, describe the effects of food shortages?
1) Malnutrition:
* Very big issues in regions such as Lubombo
* Chronic under-nutrition is a particular problem for children - leading to slower growth and vulnerability to disease.
* 25% of children under the age of 5 are stunted.
* Kwashiorkor is a common protein efficiency disease amonst children in Eswatini which can lead to death
* Life expectancy is a mere 60 years old
2) Economic decline:
* The malnourishment caused by food shortages hugely reduces the size of the work force in Eswatini.
* Many children are also ill so can’t receive a proper education and learn skills necessary for jobs.
* This small workforce damages Eswatini’s economy because businesses can’t function efficiently and little produce can be produced.
3) Dependance on international food aid
* Many parents have given up on farming since the 1990s droughts and rely on food aid.
* Therefore children don’t learn agricultural skills.
* The UN World Food Programme fed more than 200,000 people in the aftermath of the 2016 droughts.
For a named country you have studied, describe the problems which have been caused by a
low rate of population growth or population decline.
For an example you have studied, describe and explain the land use of a farm or agricultural area. *
1) Hot climate
* Sugar needs a hot climate.
* Eswatini’s Low Veld area has an average monthly temperature of 29 °C in summer, and temperatures rarely fall below 15°C. There are also a lot of sunshine hours every day.
2) Characteristics of the land
* Eswatini’s Low Veld region has flat land suitable for large-scale mechanisation.
* The alluvial soils in the river valleys are rich in nutrients and retain moisture.
3) Access to markets
* Entry to international markets provided by government trade agreements - a political input.
* Trade agreements include the United States Sugar Program, which allows sugar sales to the USA.
For a named country or region you have studied, describe and explain the natural factors that cause food shortages. *
Eswatini
1) Drought
* E.g. there was a very bad drought in 2016 caused by an El Nino event (60% less rain then the average)
* The harvest produced 10% of the required food & 40,000 cattle died.
* There is a lot of erratic rainfall e.g. in 2020, making it difficult for farms to produce consistently.
2) HIV/AIDS
* Has badly weakened the population.
* In 2016, 27% of the population were infected (the highest rate in the world)
* Significantly reduces agricultural workforce.
3) Limited arable land
- Only a small portion of Eswatini’s land is suitable for agriculture due to mountainous terrain and poor, infertile soils in some regions.
- This requiring more inputs (like fertilizers) which small-scale farmers may not afford and restricts the amount of staple crops can be grown locally, especially during poor seasons.
Impacts of named earthquake? *
Japan Earthquake March 2011
1) Casualties
- 16,000 lives lost
- 6,000 injured
- Majority of deaths were caused by drowning from tsunami waves.
- Very vulnerable to tsunami because majority of people live on flat, narrow coastal plains because interior is so mountainous.
2) Damage to infrastructure.
- Exacerbated by aftershocks and liquefaction (where water trapped in soft sediments were released by shaking).
- 125,000 buildings were destroyed and nearly 1 million damaged.
- Heavy damage to roads and railways.
3) Economic loss
- Port of Tokyo damaged disrupting trade.
- 4.4 million residents left without electricity.
World Bank has estimated that it was costliest natural disaster in world history with an economic cost of $235 billion.
For a named country or area you have studied, describe the different methods which are used to supply energy. *
1) Natural Gas
* Natural gas accounted for 14% of Germany’s energy mix in 2022. Which was a drop of 10% from the figure in 2020.
* A reason for this drop is that Germany is heavily dependant on Russia for its supply and this supply has been affected by the Ukraine-Russia war.
* Now it obtains the majority of its supply from Norway via Europipe I.
* Germany’s governments likes natural gas because they see as a bridge to a low-carbon economy because it produces much less CO2 emissions when combusted than coal or oil.
2) Coal
* Coal accounted for 30% of its energy mix in 2022.
* Germany has large reserves of 2 types of coal - lignite, which is heavily extracted in Sachsen and bituminous coal, which is heavily mined in Saarland.
* It is important that coal power stations are located close to the mining areas to reduce transportation distances.
* It is an important source of energy as it is cheap due to the large reserves in Germany. It is also not reliant on other nations.
3) Wind Power
* Wind energy accounted for 22% of Germany’s energy mix in 2022.
* Germany has the biggest wind energy capacity in Europe due to it bordering both the North and Baltic Sea.
* The majority of Germany’s offshore turbines are located in the North Sea, where there are about 1300 spinning.
* Wind energy is increasing as Germany follows the Energiewende policy to transition to a low carbon energy supply.
For a named coastal area you have studied, describe the impacts of a tropical storm. *
Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines
Nov. 8, 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan, category 5 storm, hit the Philippines with sustained wind speeds of more than 150mph.
- Tacloban City on the island of Leyte was 90% destroyed
- Affected more than 14 million people across 44 provinces, displacing 4.1 million people, killing more than 6,000 people and leaving 1,800 missing.
- In addition, Typhoon Haiyan damaged 1.1 million houses, destroyed 33 million coconut trees (a major source of livelihoods).
- Disrupted the livelihoods of 5.9 million workers.
- Overall the damage was estimated at US$5.8 billion
For a named urban area you have studied, describe the strategies used to improve the housing conditions of the people who live there. *
1) Housing: self-help schemes
- Residents of the favelas are provided with the materials to improve their existing shelters.
- Residents may also be given rights of ownership.
- Local authorities provide electricity, water and sewerage disposal.
- E.g. Favela Diadema, cost the government $30 million for 80,000.
2) Zones of special interest (ZEIS)
- Official Brazilian policy shifted in the 1980s toward slum upgrading instead of eradication and “zones of special interest” have been designated for disorganized slums, formally recognizing their existence and qualifying them for social services.
- Example of a ZEIS in São Paulo is Heliópolis, one of the largest favelas in the city (over 200,000 residents).
- Public investment has led to improved infrastructure.
3) Sanitation schemes
- Basic amenities provided such as water and sewage facilities.
- 2000-2007: Brazilian government and the World Bank delivered clean water and sanitation.
- It cost $47 million.
For a named urban settlement you have studied, describe the causes and effects of one problem faced by the people living there?
Explain the causes of migration of people from one named country to another. *
Poland to UK
1) Legal factors
- Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004 allowed for free movement of labor to member states like the UK.
- The UK was one of the few countries that didn’t impose restrictions on Polish workers.
- However, since Brexit there has been a decline in migration as Polish citizens now require a visa to migrate.
2) Employment
- Better job opportunities
- Higher wages: Salaries in the UK are generally higher than in Poland, attracting many young workers.
- Labor demand in the UK: The UK had a shortage of workers in sectors like construction, hospitality, agriculture, and healthcare, which Polish migrants helped fill.
3) Improved quality of life
- Better public services such as education.
- Entertainment industry such as the West End and sporting events
- Some may migrate to improve English language proficiency which could help with career aspirations.
For a named coastal area you have studied, describe attempts to manage erosion. *
Holderness
1) Sea wall in Withernsea
* Running along the Withernsea promenade is a recurved seawall, built to protect the Withernsea coastline from erosion.
* Originally, there was a straight wall protecting the town, however, the energy of the waves eventually scoured away the base of the wall causing it to collapse.
* The present seawall cost a total of £6million, £5000 per metre, to construct.
* Sections of the sea wall were upgraded during 2017.
2) South Withernsea Coastal Defence Scheme
* In 2020, the £7 million South Withernsea Coastal Defence Scheme, which began April 2019, was completed.
* This includes extending existing defences southwards with 400 metres of rock armour (rip rap).
* 70,000 tonnes of rock armour was imported by sea from Norway to construct the defence.
3) Mappleton protection scheme:
* In 1991 A coastal management scheme costing £2 million was introduced involcing hard engineering.
* Two rock groynes were built. However, this has increased erosion south of Mappleton.
* Rip rap was placed along the base of the cliff.
* Cliff stabilisation has been used more recently. In order to protect the cliffs from undercutting, the cliff gradient was reduced artificially.
Explain how an oxbow lake is formed. You may include a labelled diagram or diagrams.
1) Meander forms
- A meander is a bend or curve in a river that usually forms in the middle or lower course. They usually form where the land is quite flat and there is more lateral erosion rather than vertical erosion.
- The fastest water flow (thalweg) is on the outside of the river bends, leading to erosion.
- The erosion undercuts the riverbank, forming a river cliff
- The riverbank collapses and the edge of the meander moves further out-
- The slowest flow is on the inside of the river bends, leading to deposition and the deposits form a slip-off slope
- Deposition on one side and erosion on the other leads to the meander migrating across the valley
2) Oxbow lake forms
- With distance downstream, the size of the meanders increases
- The erosion on outside bends can eventually lead to the formation of a meander neck
- At a time of the flood, the river may cut through the neck of the meander, forming a straighter course for the water
- The flow of water at entry and exit from the meander will be slower, leading to deposition
- The meander becomes cut off from the main river channel, forming an oxbow lake
Describe and explain the climate of a named hot desert area you have studied. *
Namib Desert
1) Low rainfall
- The Benguela Current runs along the coast. Cold currents cool the air so there is less evaporation meaning the air is dryer.
- Rain shadow effect. Winds coming from the Indian Ocean from the east lose humidity when they pass over the Drakensburg Mountains so they are dry when they reach the desert.
- The dry air of the Hadley Cell descends, creating high pressure inhibiting cloud formation.
2) High temperature and large diurnal range.
- Lies on a latitude of 15-30°S (near the Tropic of Capricorn) where the sun’s rays are strong and direct for much of the year (high insolation)
- Lack of cloud cover so more sunlight reaches the surface and is absorbed.
- However this means that there is a high diurnal range as there are no clouds to trap the heat so the temperatures are much cooler during the night.
For a country or area you have studied, explain why it is densely populated.
Singapore
1) Population growth policies
- Encouraging childbirth
- Pro natal policies began in the 1980s
- Baby bonus scheme: providing grants and financial support to parents who have 3 or more children
- Encouraging immigration has lead to a large foreign workforce.
2) Public housing system
- Over 80% of the population resides in HDB flats.
- These estates optimise land use and vertical zoning.
3) Global economic hub
- Major financial, trade and technology hub.
- Attracts a large expatriate workforce
- Urban development around CBD during British colonial period.
For a named country or region you have studied, describe and explain the human factors that cause food shortages. *
1) Social unrest:
* A series of protests in Eswatini against the monarchy and for democratisation began in late June 2021.
* The social unrest within the country has led to the destruction of businesses in urban areas, including the two biggest cities, Manzini and Mbabane.
* The delivery of food aid and goods was also hindred by looting of non-governmental organisations.
2) Cash crops
* Many small scale farmers choose to grow sugar which they can easily sell for money to buy food and other goods.
* This means there is a lack of farmers growing staple foods like maize which are necessary food security.
* To highlight this point - sugar is Eswatini’s biggest industry, employing over 93,000 people. Many farm in the Low Veld region.
Name an example of a country to which large numbers of people have migrated. Describe the positive and negative impacts of this migration on the named country they have migrated to. *
UK
1) Low paid or unattractive jobs taken by migrant workers
- Jobs such as on building sites, on farms or pot-washing jobs in restaurants.
- They reduce production costs by accepting lower wages making UK manufacturing more competitive.
- The majority of these workers also pay taxes contributing to the UK economy.
- Workers contribute £2.5 billion annually to UK economy.
2)Pressure on services
- A large influx of migrants puts more pressure on local services such as hospitals and schools.
- Services also required to help unemployed homeless and unemployed migrants
3) Social unrest
- E.g. between English and Polish migrants in Peterborough
- Increase in support for right wing groups.
- Has lead to protests and migrants suffer from discrimination and abuse.
For a named example you have studied, describe and explain the location of a factory or industrial zone.
Nissan, Sunderland
1) Government incentives
* A reason why Sunderland was chosen was government incentives.
* When ,in 1984, Nissan and the UK government signed an agreement to build a car plant, they agreed on a 3km2 greenfield site in the city.
* This was such an appealing option because the land was offered to Nissan at agricultural prices – around £1800 per acre.
2) Good transport links
* The site is close to ports on the Wear and Tyne rivers and within easy driving distance of Newcastle International Airport.
* It is also close to major roads such as the A1 and A19.
* These transport links mean that materials can easily be transported to and from the factory.
3) Unemployment
* The North East region of England had recently undergone a period of deindustrialisation, with the closure of most of the shipyards and coal mines.
* The high unemployment meant Nissan had a large, manufacturing-skilled workforce to draw upon.
* This also means that they could pay their workers lower wages as jobs were difficult to come by.
For a named urban area you have studied, describe what has been done to improve quality of life?
1) Traffic congestion and transport
- After multiple mass protests, including one involving 1 million people, the Brazilian government has invested heavily into the public transport system.
- They have created bus lanes.
- It is the largest rail transport system in Latin America transporting around 8 million people daily.
- It emits about 50 times less greenhouse gases than cars per passenger/km.
- Metro net revenue of £648 million in 2011.
2) Housing: self-help schemes
- Residents of the favelas are provided with the materials to improve their existing shelters.
- Residents may also be given rights of ownership.
- Local authorities provide electricity, water and sewerage disposal.
- E.g. Favela Diadema, cost the government $30 million for 80,000.
3) Sanitation schemes
- Basic amenities provided such as water and sewage facilities.
- 2000-2007: Brazilian government and the World Bank delivered clean water and sanitation.
- It cost $47 million.
For a named country or area you have studied, describe the different methods which are used to manage tourism/ensure sustainability. *
Encouraging ecotourism
* Ecotourism is tourism that has little on impact on the environent and involves contributing positively to local ecosystems.
* An example of a popular ecotourism attraction in Jamaica is the National park, called the Blue and John Crow Mountains.
* The environment is protected because nature reserves and eco-lodges are built.
* The park accounts for 4.5% of Jamaica’s land surface.
* Entry fees are $10 for adults in national parks to allow the preservation of local wildlife.
2) Marine Parks
* To manage of the issue of coral reef destruction.
* The Negril Marine Park nature reserve was established in 1998 to help preserve sea life that tourist snorkellers and divers want to see such as coral reefs.
* The Park covers a total area of approximately 160 km2.
* The park is managed through enforcement of the Marine Park Regulations with ranger patrols and zoning.
3) Creating oppurtunities for small businesses
* Large corporations dominate the industry.
* * Big up Small Business is a TUI Care Foundation project, delivered by the Travel Foundation, is creating new opportunities for up to 150 small-business entrepreneurs in Jamaica, so that more people can benefit from tourism. Small businesses are receiving training to improve their business and better understand international market requirements. So they can better connect with tourists
For an urban area you have studied, describe and explain the service provision?
For a named settlement you have studied, explain why the population size has changed?
For a named area you have studied, describe how economic development (tourism) is damaging the natural environment. *
Jamaica
1) Clearing Mangroves:
* Clearing mangroves on the coast, such as along the Kingston waterfront, to develop tourism (e.g. building hotels) has led to beach erosion.
* Mangrove forests are one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems and a key natural mitigation measure in response to climate change, providing protection against storms.
* The Forestry’s Land Use Assessment between 1998 and 2013, found that mangroves and swamps had depleted by 98% in Jamaica.
2) Damage to Coral Reefs
* Coral reefs, have seen the threat to their existence increased by the anchors of cruise ships.
* In Jamaica, the coral reefs now only have between 5% and 10% of their coral left alive.
* An area where there has been large damage to coral reefs is the town of Negril.
* Coral reef ecosystems are important for maintaining marine life.
3) Water Pollution:
* Coastal waters have been heavily polluted by sewage from Jamaica’s hotels in tourist hubs such as Montego Bay.
* This is harming marine life. Endangered species in Jamaica include the tundra peregrine falcon and the green sea turtle. Pollution contributes to a decline in biodiversity.
* This further threatens the coral reefs of Jamaica as sediment and other pollutants smother coral reefs.
For an urban area you have studied, describe how the environment has been improved?
- ULEZ introduced in 2019
- £12.50
- Bins
- Nature reserves
Describe and explain the benefits and disadvantages of solutions to food shortages.
1) Food Aid
* Organisations such as the UN’s World Food Programme supply food aid during emergencies.
* E.g. in 2020 the WFP received a donation of $425,000 from the EU to meet the needs of 54,000 Swazi households through cash transfers.
* Food aid is a great short term solution because the money allows the vulnerable to purhase food from local retailers to meet their needs. This also boosts the local market.
* However, it can lead to farmers believing they will always be supplied so they stop working.
2) Measures to increase crop outputs
* WFP has tried to improve agricultural systems.
* E.g. by clearing land, developing irrigations infrastructure, improving access to markets by building roads.
* It can’t deal with food shortages quickly.
* However, it is a good long term solution.
* It encourages self-sufficient food production.
For a named area you have studied, describe the settlement hierarchy with reference to service provision?
For a named river you have studied describe attempts to manage flooding? *
1) Artificial levees (bags of sand or earth placed near rivers
- They provide the bulk of the flood protection infrastructure in the Indus basin.
- They increase the capacity of the channel.
- 6800 artificial levees have been built since 1960 to protect the main towns.
- Construction has caused sedimentation of the riverbed so the levees will have to be increased in height.
2) Dredging
- Dredging is where sediment is removed from the river bed.
- In 2021 it was carried out in the river Jhelum (a tributary of the Indus) in response to the floods in 2014.
- The carrying capacity was enhanced by 25%.
3) Dams
- The Tarbela reservoir is used to regulate flood flows.
- The Tarbela Dam has a storage capacity of over 11 billion cubic metres of water, which can be used to regulate the flow of water.
- In response to the 2010 flood
- However the priorities of the Dam are irrigation supplies and energy prodution.
For an urban area you have studied, describe how traffic congestion is being managed? *
1) Investment into public transport
- After multiple mass protests, including one involving 1 million people, the Brazilian government has invested heavily into the public transport system.
- They have created bus lanes and improved the railway networks.
2) Sau Paulo Metro
- The Sau Paulo Metropolitan Transport Network has 17 lines, 178 stations and a total length of 369km.
- It is the largest rail transport system in Latin America transporting around 8 million people daily.
3) Positive side effects
- The metro transport emits around 50 times less greenhouse gases than cars per passenger /km.
- The metro made a net revenue equivalent to £648 million in 2011.
For a named area of tropical rainforest you have studied, describe the impacts of deforestation on the local natural environment. *
Borneo
1) Loss of habitats:
* The large-scale deforestation has led to loss of habitats.
* At least 30% of Borneo’s tropical forest have been destroyed over the last 40 years.
* The clearance of land has also made poaching easier and local people can boost their low incomes greatly by selling young orangutans as pets.
2) Loss of biodiversity:
* Biodiversity has been declining at an alarming rate in Borneo.
* Borneo has lost nearly 150,000 orangutans over the last two decades.
* Greatly impacts food chains and threatens species with extinction e.g. the Borneo elephant.
3) Reduced rainfall in the local area:
* When forest is removed, moisture is no longer transpired through its leaves to the atmosphere and rainfall is no longer intercepted on its leaves to be evaporated back to the atmosphere.
* The moisture content of the air is reduced, resulting in less local rainfall and more droughts.
* A 2018 study found that Borneo’s precipitation has fallen by around 20 percent in the last 60 years
For a country or area you have studied, explain why it is has a low population density. *
Canada
1) Harsh climate
- Long, cold winters with heavy snow.
- In the northern territories temperatures can drop to extreme lows making survival challenging.
- Short growing seasons limit agricultural productivity.
2) Historical development
- Colonial legacy: European settlers concentrated in specific small areas (mainly along eastern seaboard) leaving vast northern areas undeveloped.
3) low birth rates
- Below replacement levels around 1.5-1.7.
- This has lead to an ageing population and slow population growth.
- fewer young people to start families.
- For a named country you have studied, describe a policy which is used to influence natural population growth rates?
China, One child policy
- Implemented in 1979
- One child
- Could only marry at 22
- Large fines
- Fertility rate dropped from 2.9 in 1979 to 1.8 in 2009.
- Standard of living has increased by 9%
- However, gender imbalance caused by parents aborting female babies.
- Men struggle to find partners.
- Abolished in 2016
For a named country you have studied, describe the problems caused by over-population. *
China
1) Water shortages
- 300 million people in China drink contaminated water every day.
- Mainly a problem in rural areas
- Strain on health care
- Huge water demand for irrigation of farmland in northern China and heavy industry.
2) Air pollution
- Growth of major cities such as Beijing has increased the number of factories.
- China’s particulate air pollution is 4 times the World Health Organisation guideline.
- Responsible for 2 million deaths a year.
3) Pressure of education system
- Massive class sizes e.g. 120 pupils inn Hebei province.
- Distracting environment to learn and difficult for pupils to form friendships and learn social skills.
- Protests in September 2018.
For an urban area you have studied, describe how its function has changed over time? (London)
- Deindustrialisation in 1970s and 80s
- Main function used to be industry, now it is a service-based economy.
- Manufacturing sector only 2.2% of total employment.
- Canay wharf has 1.5 million m2 of office and retail space.
- London Docklands Urban Development Cooperation finished in 1988. Developed areas in East London.
Describe the problems caused by the increase in the greenhouse effect (global warming). You should refer to named areas affected.
*If question ask impacts of deforestation.
- Trees absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and act as a ‘carbon sink’ so deforestation means that less carbon dioxide is absorbed. This increases the level of CO2 in the atmosphere and this means that there is a thicker ‘blanket’ of greenhouse gases. This blanket traps heat causing global warming and climate change.
1) Increased coastal erosion and flooding.
- Due to the increase in sea level caused by melting of ice caps/glaciers.
- In Greenland 270 billion tons a year lost
- The global sea level has increased by around 90 millimeters since 1993, at an average of 2.9 millimeters per year.
- Some studies suggest that by 2050, 80% of the Maldives could become uninhabitable rising sea levels.
2) Increased droughts
- Caused by changing rainfall patterns
- Lack of water supplies;
- Desertification makes producing food difficult and makes
- Countries in the Horn of Africa e.g. Kenya and Ethiopa.
- In 2023, 17.2 million people requiring humanitarian assistance
3) Impacts on biodiversity and food chains
- Loss of habitat e.g. for polar bears in the arctic.
- the average population size of mammals has declined by 68% between 1970 and 2016
- Spread of tropical diseases to other areas for example conditions favourable for mosquitoes to thrive and populations to grow.
For a named area of tropical rainforest you have studied, describe the impacts of deforestation on the local people. *
1) Deaths of ways of life and unique cultures:
* Forest clearance in Sarawak for HEP developments, oil palm plantations, and logging threaten the hunter-gatherer way of life of the Penan people.
* They are a community of 10,000-12,000 people.
* They rely on the forest for their existence. They feed on fruit, nuts, plants and animals from the forest.
2) Risks to health:
* Smoke from burning forests is also a health hazard.
* More than 100,000 people are likely to have died prematurely from smoke exposure as fires burned across Borneo in 2015, according to research from Harvard and Columbia universities.
* This event was known as the 2015 Southeast Asian Haze.
3) Loss of soil fertility:
* With no rainforest vegetation to protect the soil, heavy rainfall washes it away.
* Deforestation breaks the nutrient cycle, which the soil depends on for its fertility.
* This affects farmers ability to grow crops
For a named TNC you have studied, describe the advantages and disadvantages it brings for people at a local scale. *
1) Employment:
* It employs roughly 5,000 people (95% of whom are Nigerian).
* Another 20,000 are employed indirectly by companies providing services and supplies.
2) Conflict:
* Conflict arose between Shell and local tribes close to extraction, with the Ogoni people of the delta protesting, sometimes violently, about environmental issues and lack of government support.
3) Environmental damage
* Shell has been responsible for over 4000 oil spills since 1960, contaminating food supplies and destroying natural habitats.
* E.g. In 2008 leaks from Shell’s Trans-Niger pipeline spilled about 600,000 barrels of oil into the earth in Ogoniland.
* Deforestation has also taken place to clear local forest cover and food supplies.
For a named urban area you have studied, describe the solutions to urban sprawl?
- ‘Metropolitan Green Belt’ established in 1938
- It currently covers over 4000 km2.
- However there have been plans to build more than 200,000 new houses on the green belt since 2016.
- Brownfield sites
For a named area of coastline you have studied, explain how it provides opportunities for people. *
Holderness
1) Tourism:
* The beaches of the Holderness Coast attract around 1 million people each year.
* Seaside tourism has been estimated to contribute an estimated £56m to the local economy.
* This is vital in areas such as Hornsea where 1 in 5 jobs are in the tourist industry.
2) Energy:
* The Easington Gas Terminal is one of three main gas terminals in the UK, and is situated on the Holderness Coast.
* Around 20% of Britain’s imported gas from Norway is brought ashore via a huge 1,200km long underwater pipe known as the Langeled pipeline.
3) Fishing:
* The Holderness Coast is mostly known for its shellfish.
* Bridlington, a major town along the Holderness Coast, is now the most important port in the UK and Europe for lobster landings.
* In 2014 local fishermen caught 420 tonnes of lobster worth £4m.
For a named country or area you have studied, describe different methods used to supply clean drinking water to the population. *
1) The South-North Water Transfer Project
* Reservoirs collect and store water in China’s south where there is a water surplus and pipes transport the water to rivers or reservoirs in the country’s north where there is a water deficit.
* The $80 billion scheme was launched in 2002. It is the largest water diversion/transfer project ever undertaken.
* The Eastern route is 1,155km long and was completed in 2013. It provides water from the Yangtze river to Shandong Province (including the city, Tianjin) and other areas to be used for domestic and industrial use. Around 1 billion cubic meters of water is transferred each year.
2) Desalination:
* Plants are being built on China’s coastline to provide water for cities in the north and east.
* China currently has 140 desalination plants which supply water-stressed cities such as Tianjin.
* These produce 1.65 million tonnes of water each day.
* China continues to invest in new desalination plants and will raise capacity to 2.9 million tonnes a day by 2025.
* Currently, desalination accounts for only 1.2 percent of China’s domestic water supply.
* Desalinated water relies on expensive imported technology and costs between 50 and 140% more per ton than regular tap water.
3) Wells
* In Shanghai, 50 wells have been dug 240m deep beneath large residential areas and universities.
* The water from these wells will be used when there are acute water shortages in the city.
* The city is also building new water treatment plants and reservoirs.
For a named coastal area you have studied, explain how coastal erosion has affected the people who live there. *
1) Loss of infrastructure, property and farmland
* Rapid erosion - Europe’s fastest eroding coastline - average of 2 metres of coastline lost every year.
* Slumping is a process where there is a mass movement of material on a coast. It is caused by erosion.
* Damage and loss of infrastructure, loss of property, loss of farmland.
* A report from 2020 predicted that 24 properties in Skipsea will be under direct threat from coastal erosion by 2025.
3) Flooding
* Coastal erosion wears away cliffs, dunes, and beaches, which normally act as natural barriers against storm surges and high tides.
* Waves of over 5 metres high are recorded annually in storms along the coast.
* This also causes significant levels of flooding – homes were evacuated along the coast in January 2017.
3) Economic impact
* Property values drop in high-risk areas, making it difficult to sell homes or invest.
* Tourism, which some communities rely on, may decline as beaches erode or infrastructure is damaged.
* Farmers lose productive land, affecting agriculture and income.
* Money has to be spent on coastal defence.
For a named river you have studied, explain the causes of flooding? *
Indus
1) Heavy Rainfall
- Torrential, concentrated rainfall during the monsoon season in July and August.
- In August 2010 more than half the normal monsoon rainfall fell in one week.
- Hyderabad recorded 77mm of rain in 24 hours on 7 August 2016
2) Deforestation
- Rapid deforestation has taken place since 1990s.
- Only about 5% of Pakistan is covered by trees.
- This has caused soil erosion and the channel has been blocked by lots of sediment being transported down the river.
- Also less interception so surface run-off increases and inundates the river channel.
3) Climate change
- Has caused more glacial melting and more intense monsoon rains.
A study published by Columbia University in 2016 found the Himalayan glaciers melted twice as quickly in 2000-2016 as 1975-2000.
For a named example of a transnational corporation you have studied, describe its negative impacts at a local and national scale. *
1) Environmental damage
* Shell has been responsible for over 4000 oil spills since 1960, contaminating food supplies and destroying natural habitats.
* E.g. In 2008 leaks from Shell’s Trans-Niger pipeline spilled about 600,000 barrels of oil into the earth in Ogoniland.
* Deforestation has also taken place to clear local forest cover and food supplies.
2) Conflict
* Conflict arose between Shell and local tribes close to extraction, with the Ogoni people of the delta protesting, sometimes violently, about environmental issues and lack of government support.
3) Overdependence on oil
- Shell’s dominance in the oil sector contributed to Nigeria’s economic overreliance on oil exports, neglecting agriculture and manufacturing.
- Vulnerable to global price fluctuations as the world shifts towards cleaner, renewable energy.
- E.g. in response to tariffs imposed by President Donald Trump, the Central Bank of Nigeria had to sell nearly $200 million to stabilize the naira due to declining crude oil prices.
For a named example you have studied, explain the causes of an earthquake?
11th March 2011 a devastating magnitude 9 earthquake struck 80km off the coast of Japan.
1)
- Japan is located at the meeting point of four tectonic plates, and is the most seismically active place on Earth with 30% of the total earthquakes recorded worldwide.
- The Earthquake was triggered at the boundary between the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate.
- The Pacific plate is subducting beneath the North American Plate and also being pushed by the Eurasian plate at a rate pf 90mm/yr.
- As the Pacific plate subducts, a huge amount of friction and pressure builds up causing a sudden release of the energy.
For a named country you have studied, describe and explain the causes of an ageing population.
For a named TNC you have studied, describe the advantages and disadvantages it brings for people at a national scale.
1) Multiplier effect:
* Shell Companies in Nigeria spent $1.3 billion on contracts awarded to Nigerian companies in 2018.
* This has boosted employment and and helped Nigeria’s economy.
* The spending has led to the multplier effect which is when an initial injection into the economy causes a bigger final increase in national income.
2) Taxes
* Shell paid $1.7 billion in taxes to the Nigerian government in 2018.
* The government has been able to use this money to build new infrastructure.
3) Overdependence on oil
- Shell’s dominance in the oil sector contributed to Nigeria’s economic overreliance on oil exports, neglecting agriculture and manufacturing.
- Vulnerable to global price fluctuations as the world shifts towards cleaner, renewable energy.
- E.g. in response to tariffs imposed by President Donald Trump, the Central Bank of Nigeria had to sell nearly $200 million to stabilize the naira due to declining crude oil prices.
*Could also talk about global warming and drought - Shell’s carbon emissions.
For a named hot desert you have studied, explain why the amount of rainfall in this area is low. *
Namib Desert
1) The Benguela Current
* The current runs along the coast.
* Cold currents cool the air so there is less evaporation. Less evaporation —> air is drier so less rainfall.
2) the Drakensburg Mountains
* Winds coming from the Indian Ocean from the east lose part of their humidity when they pass over the Mountains so they are dry when they reach the desert.
* This is a rain shadow effect.
3) The Hadley Cell
* Namib Desert extends along the Atlantic coast of south-west Africa from latitude where the dry air of the Hadley Cell descends, creating high pressure.
* With the air sinking, cloud formation is inhibited.
On average, it has less than 10 mm of rain annually.
For a named TNC you have studied, explain why it operates in so many countries. *
1) Raw material availibility (oil and gas)
* Shell operates in over 70 countries and extracts oil and gas in countries such as Nigeria, Canada, Argentina and the UK. For over 60 years Shell has operated in Nigeria.
* Nigeria ranks 10th in the world for proven oil reserves.
2) Lower costs for headquarters
* Shell’s headquarters are now in London after moving these from the Netherlands in 2022.
* Shell moved its headquarters to London due for taxation purposes, allowing it to generate higher profits if located in the UK.
3) Cost of labour:
* There is a stark contrast to expatriate workers at Shell, who can earn up to US$20,000 a month.
* Nigerian local workers at Shell are paid around US$2,000 a month.
