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Geo GCSE > 3.1 Development > Flashcards

3.1 Development Flashcards

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1
Q

GDP definition (per capita)

A

The total value of goods and services produced within a country (divided by its population)

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2
Q

GNI definition?

A

The total value of goods and services produced domestically and overseas.​

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3
Q

GNP definition?

A

The total value of all the goods and services produced by a country including income from foreign investments.

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4
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)​ definition?

A

A composite indicator that looks at life expectancy, mean years of schooling and GNI per capita.​

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5
Q

Infant mortality rate​ definition?

A

The number of deaths under one year of age per 1000 live births

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6
Q

Birth rate​ definition?

A

The number of live births per 1000 people​

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7
Q

Death rate​ definition?

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people​

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8
Q

Inequality of wealth​ definition?

A

The gap in income between a country’s richest and poorest people.

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9
Q

Explain why there is a relationship between GNP per person and adult literacy?

A
  • More money can be spent on education.
  • Education is compulsory in most countries with high GNP.
  • Better healthcare so people can attend school.
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10
Q

What is the Development Gap?

A

The difference between the world’s wealthiest people and the world’s poorest people.

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11
Q

Factors that affect development?

A
  • Geography
  • History
  • Corruption
  • Disease
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12
Q

How does Geography affect development? (with examples)

A
  • Countries which are landlocked have no port from which they are able to import or export goods. This makes trade more expensive and creating jobs harder. (Ethiopia)
  • Climate influencing agriculture (Somalia)
  • Relief is how mountainous a country is, which can massively increase infrastructure and transport costs. (Nepal)
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13
Q

How does History affect development?

A
  • Colonial powers exploited the land and people of countries ruled over. They pillaged resources like cotton, rubber and copper to support their own development and forced countries into unfair trade terms. (Chad)
  • Slavery transformed societies, causing massive depopulation through disease and people shipped to America and led to long term poverty, whilst making the beneficiaries richer. (West Africa)
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14
Q

How does Corruption affect development?

A
  • Governments are very important in development. It is the main source for financing infrastructure projects and social services to help the population.
  • When a government is corrupt it makes elites richer and keeping the rest of the population poor. (Syria)
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15
Q

What is primary industry? (Examples of jobs)

A

Extraction of raw materials such as minerals and metals. (Fishing, mining, forestry)

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16
Q

What is secondary industry? (Examples of jobs)

A

Raw materials are manufactured. (Making cars in car factory or clothes in textile factory)

17
Q

What is tertiary industry? (Examples of jobs)

A

Provide services for people/other industries. (Doctors, teachers)

18
Q

What is quaternary industry? (Examples of jobs)

A

High tech industries with highly-skilled and well paid employees. (Research and ICT)

19
Q

Reasons for employment structure trends in LICs.

A
  • Large primary sector (farming):
    little mechanisation on farms due to low incomes.
  • Little manufacturing: Lack of developed infrastructure (e.g. clean water and electricity) halts the development of manufacturing.
  • Tertiary sector: Informal service sector in the cities is quite strong. However, disposable income is low, reducing numbers in tertiary sector employment.
20
Q

Reasons for employment structure trends in HICs.

A
  • Small primary sector: farming is mechanised due to high incomes, import of food supplies due to strong trade links. Natural resources may be exhausted.
  • Declining secondary sector: automation of manufacturing or transfer of manufacturing to MICs due to high wages in HICs and restrictions on environmental pollution.
  • Very strong tertiary sector: Large numbers employed in health, education and tourism. There is a higher demand for services such as restaurants as people have more disposable income.
  • Growing quaternary sector: Growth of jobs in the knowledge economy such as scientific R and D due to better education
21
Q

Globalisation definition?

A

Globalisation describes a process by which national and regional economies, societies and cultures have become integrated and interconnected through the global network of trade, communication, immigration and transportation.

22
Q

How has the growth of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) caused globalisation? (EXAMPLE)

A

Provides jobs and introduces new cultures and ideas.​​ (Shell in Nigeria)

22
Q

How has improved transport caused globalisation? (2 EXAMPLES)

A

Has made global travel easier allowing the easy mass movement of goods and people. (For example, there has been a rapid growth in air-travel) (Containerisation - From 1970,there was a rapid adoption of the steel transport container. This reduced the costs of inter-modal transport, making trade cheaperand more efficient.)

23
Q

How has improved technology caused globalisation? (EXAMPLE)

A

Makes it easier to communicate and share information around the world. (Internet)

24
Q

What are TNCs?

A

Companies that spread their operations between more than one country.

25
Q

Pros of Globalisation?

A
  • It gives the poorest countries the chance of economic development.
  • Being involved in the global economy creates jobs, gives people the opportunity to earn a steady wage and a chance to improve quality of life.
26
Q

Cons of Globalisation?

A
  • Helps the rich countries get richer, whilst the poor countries stay poor, so the development gap increases.
  • Can lead to the exploition of labour and resources.
27
Q

Negative impacts of TNCs?

A
  • Lack of environmental regard. (Air and water pollution)
  • They have very little loyalty to the locations that host their operations
  • Exploitation of workers – low hours for long pay in poor working conditions.
  • Competition for local companies may put them out of business.
28
Q

Positive impacts of TNCs?

A
  • Generates employment.
  • Foreign investment brings wealth to the country.
  • Infrastructure development – TNCs build new roads, railways, street lighting etc.
29
Q

What is employment structure?

A

How the population is divided up by the type of work they do.

30
Q

Why there may be inequalities in development within a country?

A
  • rural and urban areas
  • access to education
  • mountain areas
  • coastal areas
31
Q

Why is there a relationship between GDP per person and life expectancy?

A

Countries with higher GDP:
- better healthcare
- better sanitation
- better food supplies
- more qualified doctors

32
Q

Reasons for decline in secondary sector in developing countries?

A
  • Jobs have been automated.
  • manufacturing industries not profitable.
  • cheaper to import manufactured goods.
33
Q

Why is HDI a good indicator of development?

A
  • Composite indicator
  • Takes into account human and economic factors.
  • It is easy to compare countries.
34
Q

Why primary sector decreases as country develops?

A
  • Farming becomes mechanised
  • Food and raw materials are imported
  • Better education
  • Less dependence on subsistence agriculture

Geo GCSE (6 decks)

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