7. Lower Extremities Complete

Question 1

What are the lower limbs?

Answer 1

They are specialised body part for locomotion, supporting body weight and maintaining balance.
They are connected to the trunk by the PELVIC GRIDLE- which is a bony ring composed of the sanctum+ right and left hip bones joined anteriorly at PUBIC SYMPHYSIS

Question 2

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PELVIC GRIDLE?

Answer 2

Connects bone of lower limbs to axial skeleton
Provides support for vertebral column, pelvis
Houses lower abdominal pelvic organs

Question 3

What are the false and true pelvis?

Answer 3

False - superior to pelvic brim
True pelvis - inferior to pelvic brim- has inlet and outlet
Pelvic brim- defines the pelvic inlet+ its from the sacral promontory to the upper part of pubic symphysis

Question 4

Describe the female pelvis

Answer 4

Bones -Lighter, thinner
False Pelvis - shallow
Pelvic cavity- wide and shallow
Pelvic inlet is round
Pelvic outlet- comparatively large
Subpubic angle is large
Coccyx - more flexible,straighter
Ischial tuberosities more everted

Question 5

Describe the male pelvis

Answer 5

Bones- heavier, thicker
False pelvis- deep
Pelvic cavity- narrow and deep
Pelvic inlet - heart shaped and smaller
Pelvic outlet- comparatively small
Subpubic angle- more acute
Coccyx- less flexible- more curved
Ischias tuberosities- longer, face more medially

Question 6

What are the joints of the pelvis?

Answer 6

Lumbosacral joints
Sacroiliac joints
Sacrococcygeal joints
Pubic symphysis
Hip joints

Question 7

Define and describe hip joint

Answer 7

• a joint between head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis
  Function - connects axial skeleton to lower extremities
  Support static (standing) and dynamic (walking) weight
  Type of joint- ball and socket synovial joint
  Movements- feel ion and extension, lateral+ medial rotation, abduction, addiction
  Combination of movements results in circumduction
  Articles capsule- fibrous capsule that attaches to margin of acetabulum , the transverse acetubular ligament + neck of femur

Question 8

Describe the Lubosacral joint

Answer 8

Located between L5 VERTEBRA AND SACRAL PROMONTORY
Stabilised by ILIOLUMBAR LIGAMENTS
Site of most possible movement of the lumbar spine

Question 9

What is the sacroiliac joint?

Answer 9

Located between articulate surfaces of ilium and the sacrum
Stabilised by anterior + posterior sacroiliac ligaments
Synovial joint
Transmits weight from VERTEBRAL COLUMN TO HIP BONES

Question 10

Describe the sacrococcygeal joint

Answer 10

Located between sacrum and coccyx
Stabilised by anterior and posterior sg ligaments
Cartilaginous joint

Question 11

Describe the pubic Symphysis

Answer 11

Located between pubic bones in midline in midline of body
Fibrocartiliginous / cartilaginous joint
Compensates shear force when walking
Enables childbirth by partially separating pubic bones

Question 12

What are the 6 major regions of the lower limbs?

Answer 12

Gluteal region
Femoral region
Knee region
Leg region
Ankle or Talocrural reigon
Foot reigon

Question 13

What bones form the lower limb bone region ?

Answer 13

Hip bone
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalange

Question 14

Describe the hip bone

Answer 14

Each coral hip, pelvic bone consists of 3 bones
Ilium
Ischium- inferior and posterior
Pubic- inferior/posterior

Question 15

Describe the ilium of the hip bone

Answer 15

It’s most superior + largest of the 3 hip bones
Forms superior part of acetabulum
Body- joins the pubis and ischium to acetabulum
Ala- wing and iliac crest
Has bony landmarks- anterior superior/ superior iliac spine
Posterior superior/inferior iliac spine
Has gluteal lines
Anterior,inferior and posterior

Question 16

Describe the ischium of the hip bones

Answer 16

Posterior- inferior aspect of hip bone to acetabulum
Body0- connects ischium to ilium and pubis
Ramus of ischium- connects to inferior pubic ramus forming ishciopubic ramus
Bony landmarks- ischial spine + tuberosity
Sciatic notches- greater and lesser

Question 17

Describe the features of the pubis in hip bone

Answer 17

The anterior lateral part of hip bone and anterior aspec of acetabulum.
The body- connects right+left pubic bones and pubic symphysis
Rami- superior- connects to ilium
Inferior- forms ischiopubic ramus
Bony landmarks
Pubic crest- antero- superior boundary of pubic body
Pubic turnbuckle- laterally on pubic crest
Pecten pubis- share raised edge forming pelvic brim

Question 18

Describe the anterior view of the femur

Answer 18

Head- large and spherical
Articulates with acetabulum at hip joint
Contains depression medially ( fovea attachment site for ligament of the head)
Neck- joins head to shaft
Contains trochanters- greater/lesser- running between the two ts - inter trochanteric line
Shaft- smoothly rounded on anterior surface
Dismally - femoral condyles
Medial/lateral
Articulate with tibial condyles from the knee joint
Patellar surface

Question 19

Describe the posterior view of femur

Answer 19

Head- large/spherical
Neck joins head to shaft
Running between two trochanters= inter trochanter ich crest |( smoother posteriorly|)
Shaft- prominent double edged ridges- lines aspera ( medial/lateral lips)
Superiorly - lateral lip blends with roughened gluteal tuberosity
Medial lip- runs to less trochanter as pectineal line
Inferiorly- lateral/medial lips form lateral and medial supercondylar lines

Question 20

Describe the posterior vein of femur

Answer 20

Distally- femur condyles
Medial and lateral separated by intercondylar fossa
Articulate with tibial condyles - form knee joint
Adductor turnbuckle located on superior- medial aspect of medial condyles

Question 21

describe the patella

Answer 21

Anterior and posterior view:
Large Sesamoid bone develops intratendinously after birth
Located anterior to Spital femur on patellar surface
Feature :
Triangular in shape, anterior surface is a convex, broad superior edge(base)
Lateral/medial border converge to form pointed inferior ridge (apex)
Posteriorly- articulate surface is smooth- divided by vertical ridge

Question 22

Describe the knee joint

Answer 22

Type of joint- a complex hinge type of synovial joint made up of
The tibiofemoral and patellofemoral articulation

Question 23

Describe the tibia

Answer 23

Larger than fibula - weight bearing
Articulations - superiorly- femoral condyles via tibial plateau
Inferiorly- talus
Proximally- medial/later condyles- tibial plateau-separated by intercondylar eminence
Shaft- triangular in cross section
Anterior border- tibial tuberosity (patella tendon)
Lateral/medial/posterior surfaces
Junction of p/l - Interosseous border
Posterior surface- soleal line (popliteal muscle)
Distally- narrow with medial expansion- medical malleolus
Fibulae notch

Question 24

Describe the fibula

Answer 24

Attached to tibia via interosseous membrabe
Proximally- enlarged head superior to neck
Head articulates with articulate surface on lateral surface of tibia
Shaft- lateral/mediums surfaces- interosseous border located medially
Distally- a lateral expansion- lateral malleolus ( articulates with talus of foot)

Question 25

What are the main bones of the foot

Answer 25

Tarsus |( calcaneus, talus, navicular,cuboid, cuneiforms (medial/intermediate/lateral))
Metatarsus- connects tarsus to phalanges - toe 1 shortest (5)
Phalanges- toe 1 has two phalanges- proximal/distal (14)
Toes 2-5 have 3 phalanges- proximal/middle/distal

Question 26

Tarsus components description 7

Answer 26

Calcaneus - largest, strongest
Articulates superiorly with talus, anteriorly with cuboidal, medially- sustentaculum supports the talus
Calcaneal tuberosity- attachment for calcaneal tendon..
Talus- head/neck/body- trochlear surface articulates with the two malleolus of tibia and fibula
Navicular- flattened- boat shaped- located between talus and cuneiforms- medial located tuberosity.
Cuboid+ tuberosity, groove for fibularis Longus tendon
Cuneiforms 3 -medial/intermediate/lateral- articulate with navicular, posteriorly and metatarsals anteiorly