7. Lower Extremities Complete Flashcards
What are the lower limbs?
They are specialised body part for locomotion, supporting body weight and maintaining balance.
They are connected to the trunk by the PELVIC GRIDLE- which is a bony ring composed of the sanctum+ right and left hip bones joined anteriorly at PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PELVIC GRIDLE?
Connects bone of lower limbs to axial skeleton
Provides support for vertebral column, pelvis
Houses lower abdominal pelvic organs
What are the false and true pelvis?
False - superior to pelvic brim
True pelvis - inferior to pelvic brim- has inlet and outlet
Pelvic brim- defines the pelvic inlet+ its from the sacral promontory to the upper part of pubic symphysis
Describe the female pelvis
Bones -Lighter, thinner
False Pelvis - shallow
Pelvic cavity- wide and shallow
Pelvic inlet is round
Pelvic outlet- comparatively large
Subpubic angle is large
Coccyx - more flexible,straighter
Ischial tuberosities more everted
Describe the male pelvis
Bones- heavier, thicker
False pelvis- deep
Pelvic cavity- narrow and deep
Pelvic inlet - heart shaped and smaller
Pelvic outlet- comparatively small
Subpubic angle- more acute
Coccyx- less flexible- more curved
Ischias tuberosities- longer, face more medially
What are the joints of the pelvis?
Lumbosacral joints
Sacroiliac joints
Sacrococcygeal joints
Pubic symphysis
Hip joints
Define and describe hip joint
- a joint between head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis
Function - connects axial skeleton to lower extremities
Support static (standing) and dynamic (walking) weight
Type of joint- ball and socket synovial joint
Movements- feel ion and extension, lateral+ medial rotation, abduction, addiction
Combination of movements results in circumduction
Articles capsule- fibrous capsule that attaches to margin of acetabulum , the transverse acetubular ligament + neck of femur
Describe the Lubosacral joint
Located between L5 VERTEBRA AND SACRAL PROMONTORY
Stabilised by ILIOLUMBAR LIGAMENTS
Site of most possible movement of the lumbar spine
What is the sacroiliac joint?
Located between articulate surfaces of ilium and the sacrum
Stabilised by anterior + posterior sacroiliac ligaments
Synovial joint
Transmits weight from VERTEBRAL COLUMN TO HIP BONES
Describe the sacrococcygeal joint
Located between sacrum and coccyx
Stabilised by anterior and posterior sg ligaments
Cartilaginous joint
Describe the pubic Symphysis
Located between pubic bones in midline in midline of body
Fibrocartiliginous / cartilaginous joint
Compensates shear force when walking
Enables childbirth by partially separating pubic bones
What are the 6 major regions of the lower limbs?
Gluteal region
Femoral region
Knee region
Leg region
Ankle or Talocrural reigon
Foot reigon
What bones form the lower limb bone region ?
Hip bone
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalange
Describe the hip bone
Each coral hip, pelvic bone consists of 3 bones
Ilium
Ischium- inferior and posterior
Pubic- inferior/posterior
Describe the ilium of the hip bone
It’s most superior + largest of the 3 hip bones
Forms superior part of acetabulum
Body- joins the pubis and ischium to acetabulum
Ala- wing and iliac crest
Has bony landmarks- anterior superior/ superior iliac spine
Posterior superior/inferior iliac spine
Has gluteal lines
Anterior,inferior and posterior
Describe the ischium of the hip bones
Posterior- inferior aspect of hip bone to acetabulum
Body0- connects ischium to ilium and pubis
Ramus of ischium- connects to inferior pubic ramus forming ishciopubic ramus
Bony landmarks- ischial spine + tuberosity
Sciatic notches- greater and lesser
Describe the features of the pubis in hip bone
The anterior lateral part of hip bone and anterior aspec of acetabulum.
The body- connects right+left pubic bones and pubic symphysis
Rami- superior- connects to ilium
Inferior- forms ischiopubic ramus
Bony landmarks
Pubic crest- antero- superior boundary of pubic body
Pubic turnbuckle- laterally on pubic crest
Pecten pubis- share raised edge forming pelvic brim
Describe the anterior view of the femur
Head- large and spherical
Articulates with acetabulum at hip joint
Contains depression medially ( fovea attachment site for ligament of the head)
Neck- joins head to shaft
Contains trochanters- greater/lesser- running between the two ts - inter trochanteric line
Shaft- smoothly rounded on anterior surface
Dismally - femoral condyles
Medial/lateral
Articulate with tibial condyles from the knee joint
Patellar surface
Describe the posterior view of femur
Head- large/spherical
Neck joins head to shaft
Running between two trochanters= inter trochanter ich crest |( smoother posteriorly|)
Shaft- prominent double edged ridges- lines aspera ( medial/lateral lips)
Superiorly - lateral lip blends with roughened gluteal tuberosity
Medial lip- runs to less trochanter as pectineal line
Inferiorly- lateral/medial lips form lateral and medial supercondylar lines
Describe the posterior vein of femur
Distally- femur condyles
Medial and lateral separated by intercondylar fossa
Articulate with tibial condyles - form knee joint
Adductor turnbuckle located on superior- medial aspect of medial condyles
describe the patella
Anterior and posterior view:
Large Sesamoid bone develops intratendinously after birth
Located anterior to Spital femur on patellar surface
Feature :
Triangular in shape, anterior surface is a convex, broad superior edge(base)
Lateral/medial border converge to form pointed inferior ridge (apex)
Posteriorly- articulate surface is smooth- divided by vertical ridge
Describe the knee joint
Type of joint- a complex hinge type of synovial joint made up of
The tibiofemoral and patellofemoral articulation
Describe the tibia
Larger than fibula - weight bearing
Articulations - superiorly- femoral condyles via tibial plateau
Inferiorly- talus
Proximally- medial/later condyles- tibial plateau-separated by intercondylar eminence
Shaft- triangular in cross section
Anterior border- tibial tuberosity (patella tendon)
Lateral/medial/posterior surfaces
Junction of p/l - Interosseous border
Posterior surface- soleal line (popliteal muscle)
Distally- narrow with medial expansion- medical malleolus
Fibulae notch
Describe the fibula
Attached to tibia via interosseous membrabe
Proximally- enlarged head superior to neck
Head articulates with articulate surface on lateral surface of tibia
Shaft- lateral/mediums surfaces- interosseous border located medially
Distally- a lateral expansion- lateral malleolus ( articulates with talus of foot)
What are the main bones of the foot
Tarsus |( calcaneus, talus, navicular,cuboid, cuneiforms (medial/intermediate/lateral))
Metatarsus- connects tarsus to phalanges - toe 1 shortest (5)
Phalanges- toe 1 has two phalanges- proximal/distal (14)
Toes 2-5 have 3 phalanges- proximal/middle/distal
Tarsus components description 7
Calcaneus - largest, strongest
Articulates superiorly with talus, anteriorly with cuboidal, medially- sustentaculum supports the talus
Calcaneal tuberosity- attachment for calcaneal tendon..
Talus- head/neck/body- trochlear surface articulates with the two malleolus of tibia and fibula
Navicular- flattened- boat shaped- located between talus and cuneiforms- medial located tuberosity.
Cuboid+ tuberosity, groove for fibularis Longus tendon
Cuneiforms 3 -medial/intermediate/lateral- articulate with navicular, posteriorly and metatarsals anteiorly
