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Unit 1: Contemporary Issues in Health/Social > 7 June > Flashcards

7 June Flashcards

1
Q

Outline characteristics that result in inequality (6)

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Ethnicity
  • social Class
  • Sexual orientation
  • Disability
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2
Q

Outline reasons for Changes in Demographic Data (6)

A
  • Technological changes
  • Political changes
  • Population changes
  • Cultural changes
  • Media changes
  • Economical changes
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3
Q

Define social class

A

traditionally defined by occupation, wealth and education.

the grouping of people in a stratified hierarchy based on social, cultural and economical capital (status)

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4
Q

Outline social class inequalities ( 6)

A

Family we born into has the strongest bearing on our social standing, it affects the level/ quality of educational attainment, occupation and income. Hence, the educational disparity between Middle class pupils and Working class pupil as a result of material and cultural deprivation.

  • the advancement in technology and covid have reduced employability opportunities in retail and hospitality industries. In some areas, the foreclosure of traditional industries have decimated an entire workforce. Thus, the restricted opportunities causes higher incidence of M.C in W.C people
  • People from lower socio-economic positions are more likely to reside in areas of deprivation wherein there is higher crime rates, unemployment rates and inequitable access to healthcare needs. Hence, have life expectancy nearly a decade shorter than those from the least-deprived areas.
  • Proletariat and Working class demographic are mostly likely to spend a 1/3 of their life in poor health, have 18 yrs f fewer healthy life expectancy, develop multiple long-term health conditions 10 yrs earlier and adopt multiple health-related risks.
  • Lorenz Curve highlights that the top 10% of the population posses 80% of national wealth and own 50% of property wealth

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5
Q

What are the ways of measuring inequality? (2)

A
  • The lorenz curve

- Gini coefficient index

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6
Q

Define the Lorenz Curve?

A

Lorenz curve shows the % of income earned by a given % of population

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7
Q

Define the Gini Coefficient index

A

is used to measure inequality by comparing income distributed over time and between economies. The closer the N is to 100 the greater the degree of inequality

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8
Q

Outline Ways of Ethnic Inequalities (4)

A
  • Inequalities in access to, experiences of, and outcomes of healthcare are a robust issues rooted in experiences of structural, institutional and interpersonal racism
  • Experiences of racial prejudice increases risks of anxiety disorder and depression, shown among Caribbean’s, Indians, Pakistani and Irish minorities
  • Due to Stereotypes, E.M children are more likely to be referred to CAMHS via social services, education or criminal justice pathways
  • Due to Discrimination, E.M groups from BAME backgrounds with psychosis were less likely to be referred for CBT, less likely to attend as many sessions as their white counterparts.

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9
Q

Identify Ways individuals experience Inequality (5)

A
  • Prejudice
  • Discrimination
  • Labelling
  • Marginalization
  • Stereotypes
  • Victimization
  • Harassment
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10
Q

Define Stereotypes

A

is an assumption using a fixed preconceived notion abut a group of people - e.g. Ads HIV/AID using LGBTQ people

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11
Q

Define Prejudice

A
  • is when an individual is pre-judged by another with any factual prove, carries negative tones influenced by largely primary socialization and media portrayal
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12
Q

Define Labelling

A

refers to the process of defining an individual or group in a simplified and deterministic way - e.g. Criminal, uneducated and Lazy.

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13
Q

Define Discrimination

A

is an unfair and prejudicial treatments of particular individuals due to their protected characteristics such as class, ethnicity and gender

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14
Q

outline types of Discrimination

A
  • Direct
  • Indirect
  • by perception
  • by association
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15
Q

Define Direct Discrimination

A

is when an individual receives less favorable treatment due to 1 or more protected characteristics. They are visible, intentional and derogatory in language.

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16
Q

Define indirect discrimination

A

are regulations, policy and practices that applies to all, places some group at a substantial disadvantage. They are subtle and by-product of unconscious bis

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17
Q

Examples of Discrimination:

A
  • Not catering for a particular religious dietary requirements
  • New Dress code policy that prohibits cornrows hairstyles, cross and Islamic headscarf (Hijab)
  • Not offering health/lifestyle advice to older people
  • Not referring older people to other services due to their age
  • Failure to make reasonable adjustments for disabled employees and service-users
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18
Q

Define Discrimination by perceptiion

A

is when one is treatment unfairly because another thinks you possess an untrue protected characteristics - e.g. rejecting a masculine-looking female applicant because she is wrongly perceived as transgender

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19
Q

Define Marginalization

A

is when individuals feel insignificant and find difficulties assimilating into the main group of society as they are pushed to the fringes

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20
Q

Define Discrimination by association

A

is when one is discriminated against because they have a link with someone of a protected characteristics.

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21
Q

Examples of discrimination by association

A
  • someone whose child is of another racial group is disrespected by caregivers
  • someone whose partner is disabled is denied flexible working
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22
Q

Effects of Discrimination

A
  • Loss of Confidence
  • Disempowerment
  • Poor self-worth
  • Loss of Rights
  • Depression - feeling devalued/anger
  • Increase stress/ anxiety
  • increases likelihood of criminal acts
  • Opt for reactive-resistance identity
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23
Q

Service Provisions for Migrants

A
  • Translator
  • Benefit Schemes
  • Temporary accommodation services
  • SEN/ Support Staff
  • Social Worker
  • Healthcare checks services
  • Screening/ Vaccination
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24
Q

Outline ways Women experience Inequality (4)

A
  • Due to Patriarchy, decisions around policy, laws and spending’s continue to be largely informed by the perspectives of men. Hence, addressing foremost the needs of men and subsequently marginalizing women’s needs
  • Due to stereotype revolving around caring duties, behaviors and leadership potential, women are overlooked for promotion and senior roles. Harassment and Maternity discrimination are also cited as a barrier to women participating at senior levels.
  • As Women are labelled as “natural caretakers and nurturers”, they undertaken greater share of uneven gendered division of informal care which results in economic inequality as their opportunities to paid work are disproportionately constrained to part-time and precarious work. Hence, more likely to live in poverty, experience occupational segregation and slower career progression.
25
Q

Define Demographics

A

Are statistical data about the characteristics of a population

26
Q

Describe the impacts of 2 long-term health conditions on healthcare provisions

A
  • Alzheimer’s: Due to the prevalent ageing population and the on-going significant increase in Alzheimer’s incidence’s , there is a chronic shortages of healthcare provisions such as GP practices, Alzheimer’s Consultants and specialist nurses. As this condition affects physical health, cognition and independence due to its degenerative nature, there needs to an increase in social workers, community nurses, domiciliary care provisions. counselling services and occupational therapists.
  • Stroke: the contemporary on-going increase in stroke incidences, particularly in deprived areas, has caused a gap in provisional services and higher demands for specialist practitioner - e.g. physiotherapists, dieticians and speech & language therapists . Stroke causes paralysis, communication difficulties, memory loss and affects mental health (depression). As such, a significant increase is needed in preventative measures, CBT, rehabilitation centers, supported living accommodations, day care and residential care services.
27
Q

Outline Disability facts and figures

A
  • 9% of children, 42% of pension age adults and 21% of working age adults are disabled
  • experience poorer health, lower educational attainments and employment rates as they are 3 x as likely to be economically inactive and 2 x as likely to be unemployed
  • Total spending powers of families with at least 1 D.P is estimated at £274 billion per yr
28
Q

How does The Equality Act protect Disabled Individuals (4)

A
  • The Equality Act 2010 protects individuals who possess one or more of the protected characteristics outlined under this legislation From discriminations, harassment or victimizations. The act revised and replaced previous Acts under one act, making protect/ support easier to apply and seek redress
  • the act stipulates that employers cannot ask questions designed to screen-out disabled applicants, hence enforcing meritocracy and protecting the mental health condition of individuals.
  • Under the act, duty to make reasonable adjustments for disabled individuals is enforced upon businesses, landlords, employers, club associations, schools and authorities. This means where provision, criterion or practice of an institution puts disabled people at a substantial disadvantage, reasonable adjustments must be made - e.g. providing auxiliary aids, changing toilets structural design, installing ramps and allowing assistant dogs.
  • The act also protects individuals from discrimination arising from disability, and by perception and association - e.g. carers denied flexible working or cancer employee denied a bonus because of time taken off to attend medical appt

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29
Q

How does the Equality Act define Disability & who are covered?

A
  • as a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on abilities to carryout mundane tasks.
  • those with progressive conditions (HIV, Cancer and MS) and and those who had a disability in the past are covered by the act as soon as individuals are diagnosed
30
Q

Outline service provisions for Disability people

A
  • Supported living services
  • Shared Lives schemes
  • Residential care
  • Respite care
  • Employment & Support allowance (ESA)
  • DLA, PIP, Jobseeker allowance
  • Universal credits
  • Blue Badge disabled parking scheme
  • Bus pass & Healthcare Travel cost scheme
  • Carer’s allowance and Credit
31
Q

Outline Age facts/figures:

A
  • are major consumers of care, account for 25-30% of NHS drugs expenditure and 45% of all items prescribed
  • least likely demographic to report abuse due to fear of retaliation and impairment
  • traditionally, older people have been relatively acquiescent in their relationship with professionals thus less prioritized and more accepting of treatment denial.
  • ## viewed as economic burden and less likely to be economically active and face restrictions in accessing financial services
32
Q

How does the Equality Act protect individuals orientation (4)

A
  • The Equality Act 2010 protects individuals who possess one or more of the protected characteristics outlined under this legislation From discriminations, harassment or victimizations. The act revised and replaced previous Acts under one act, making protection/ support easier to apply and seek redress.
  • The act stipulates that employers cannot ask questions designed to screen-out LGBTQ+ applicants from job opportunities. Moreover, the act states that there must be a good objective justification or occupational requirement to discriminate and refuse.
  • Under the act, individuals are protected from stigma that are arised as a result of their orientation - e.g. homosexual, bisexual/ asexual. Additionally, individuals are also protected from discrimination by perception and association.
  • By the act, Educational institutions are prohibited from discriminating in admission polices, treatments of pupils, exclusions, and decisions regarding pupils SEN due to sexual orientation
33
Q

How do LGBTQ+ individuals experience Inequality (4)

A
  • Due to discrimination, LGBTQ+ individuals face greater hardships in recruitment, promotion, deployment and access to social networks.
  • Fears and experiences of homophobic, biphobia, transphobia, and heterosexism have marginalized queer individuals - e.g. more reluctant to make use of healthcare provisions. Furthermore, the continued prevalent existence of heteronormativity reinforces feelings of alienation amongst LQBT students, leaving their individual needs largely unaddressed
  • Due to Stereotypes, the mental health issues of queer members are most likely to be pathologized by practitioners as there is lack of information and lack of staff knowledge on LGBTQ+ people’s health needs.
  • LGBTQ+ member run greater risks of being victims to hate crime, experiencing victimization and harassment.
34
Q

Identify Examples of visible Disabilities

A
  • Autism
  • Down Syndrome
  • MS
  • Paralysis
  • Amputations
35
Q

Identify Examples of Hidden Disabilities

A
  • OCD
  • Asperger’s
  • Bipolar
  • ADHD
36
Q

Define Austerity

A

is a difficult economic condition created by government measures to reduce public expenditure

37
Q

How does Equality Act protect older people (5)

A
  • The Equality Act 2010 protects individuals who possess one or more of the protected characteristics outlined under this legislation From discriminations, harassment or victimizations. The act revised and replaced previous Anti-discrimination, making protection/ support easier to apply and seek redress .
  • The act ensures younger patients are not prioritized over older patients, are not denied treatments and are not given less effective, cheaper treatments
  • Under the act, older citizens are protected from Age discrimination which are a result of ageism as older people are often regarded as economic burdens and stereotyped as a frail homogenous group that are passive and dependent
  • the act stipulates that employers cannot ask questions designed to screen-out older applicants and pressurizes employees to retire. Moreover, the act states that there must be a good objective justification to discriminate/ refuse employees/applicant from promotions and job opportunities.
  • Under the act, Anti-discriminatory policy is established to provide service-providers and employers with a framework and NSF for older people also supports this act
38
Q

How does the Equality Act protect ethnic groups (4)

A
  • The Equality Act (2010) protect those who possess 1 or more of the protected characteristics outlined from discrimination, harassment or victimization - e.g. race. The act also revises/replaces previous Anti-discrimination law with one single Act, making support/protection easier to apply/redress.
  • The act stipulates that employers must not ask questions designed specifically to screen-out ethnic minority groups from job opportunities. BAME background individuals are protected from discrimination with recruitment, selection, promotion, training, redundancy, wage, and benefits.
  • The act ensures that ethnic minority pupils are not discriminated in admission policies, treatments of students, exclusions and decisions regarding SEN. furthermore, it ensures individuals are not discriminated by perception or association.
  • Under the act, individuals from BAME background are protected from inequalities in access to, experience of, outcomes of healthcare and ethnic pay gap.

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39
Q

How does The Care Act 2014 support individuals? (5)

A
  • The Care Act (2014) supports/protects by ensuring that those who require care can access clearer, fairer care and support for their physical health and well-being.
  • Via the act, the Eligibility Criteria, a threshold which helps local authorities determine whose eligible for support, was established and applied to all applicants. This ensures all local authorities help vulnerable adults, who meet the criteria, attain all the services and support they are entitled to. Under the act, individuals eligibility are not determined by the discretion of practitioners or region.
  • Individuals are also supported via the establishment of Complaint Procedures as it introduces a varied route of redress, removing barriers and outlining entitlement to care.
  • Moreover, individuals are financially supported via a Financial assessment which determines how much individuals must pay for their care. This ensures meritocracy as if it is below standard threshold, local authorities are compelled to contribute to care expenditures, and if its above thresholds, cap on care of £90,000 is introduced to protects individuals from bankruptcy and loss of all their assets. Additionally, carers could also be potentially for Carers Allowance
  • In conclusion, the act ensures that there is no prevention or delay in the needs of care and support as well as maintaining individuals independence and autonomy.
40
Q

Identify the long-term health conditions between different social groups

A
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Stroke
  • Diabetes
  • Arthritis
41
Q

Define Informal care

A

refers to the unpaid care that is provided on a regular basis by families, relatives, friends and neighbors to individuals who need support due to an illness, impairment, disability, or age.

42
Q

Describe the roles of informal carers

A
  • Informal care refers to the unpaid care provided regularly by families, relatives, friends and neighbors to individuals who need support due to an illness, disability, impairment, or age. In recent years, the role of Informal carers have become instrumental as they relieve the current economic situation caused by amounts of austerity, inflation, workforce gap, and the on-going ageing population.
  • Roles of informal care includes: grandparents looking after, picking up and taking grandchildren to schools, spouses providing personal care and administering medicines, adult children caring for their elderly parents by making meals, doing laundry and shopping (practical care), neighbors offering companionship, and relatives offering financial aids and helping dealings with care services/benefits.
43
Q

Evaluate the role of informal care (positive)

A
  • Grandparent taking care of grandkids enables parents to remain economically active and offers the opportunity take on full-time work which subsequently benefits the economy. additionally, provides cognitive stimulation which reduces the likelihood of developing long-term health conditions- e.g. Alzheimer’s
  • spouses providing informal care to their partners ensures cultural needs are effectively met, dignity is maintained to high degree, and feelings of embarrassment are reduced. Moreover, relieves pressure on care services - e.g. residential care / domiciliary care, allowing for more investments in other NHPA
  • Relatives involvement in informal care strengthens kinship and provides continuity of care
44
Q

Negative evaluation of informal care

A
  • Incidences of mental health increases starkly among carers. while it has benefitted recipients of care, it has emotionally, physically and mentally drained carers they experience high levels of stress and alienation.
  • it has also inadvertently led to high sudden surge of carers quitting their careers to prioritize their caring duties, impacting the economy negatively.
45
Q

Explain the uses of demographic data

A

Demographics are statistical data about the characteristics of a population. Statistical data helps identity patterns and trends of the population. Thus, data are used to assess the needs of the population, anticipate future needs and forecast the composition of the population. All of which, helps local authorities plan and target services.

46
Q

Potential ways demographic data could be used: (3)

A
  • predict demands for services and plan according - e.g. increase in life expectancy, need for an increase in provisional services
  • Identify staffing needs and training - e.g. increase in ageing population/population, need for an increase in practitioners to fill the vacant positions of new provisional services such as social worker, nurses, care workers, consultants and therapists.
  • identify sources of support - e.g. identifying the geographical region where majority of the mass consumers resides, helps tailor effective sources of support such as assistant living, benefits, residential homes. If an area is deprived, more funding’s will be invested and potentially ring-fenced
47
Q

Define Migration

A

is the movement of people to a new area or country to find work or better living accommodation

48
Q

Define immigrant

A

is a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country or for at least 12 months

49
Q

Define Emigrant

A

is a person who leaves their own country to settle permanently in another or for at least 12 months

50
Q

Define Net Migration

A

is the difference between immigration and emigration rates from a given area during the year

51
Q

Outline Push Factors for Migration

A
  • war
  • poverty
  • hunger
  • environmental/ natural disasters
  • political instability
  • discrimination
  • economic depression
52
Q

Outline pull factors for migration

A
  • employment opportunities
  • political and religious freedom
  • study/ academic opportunities
  • better quality of life
  • family members
53
Q

Inequalities of migration:

A
  • individuals who emigrate for economic opportunities causes “brain drain” in their country of origin, potentially depleting the local infrastructures
  • Due to concerns about the presence of infectious diseases, screening of migrants are adopted to varying degrees (discrimination)
  • Newly migrants experience imprisonments, long-lasting asylum seeking processes, language barriers, loss of social status, discrimination and marginalization
  • migrants especially those from BAME background face difficulties assimilating into the host society
54
Q

Impacts of sudden migration

A
  • strain on services - demand sharply increases
  • long waiting time
  • hemorrhage of experienced practitioners
  • prolongation to treatments, prescriptions and access to healthcare
  • shortages of social housing, shelter provisions
  • lack of school placement
55
Q

main causes of healthcare emigration:

A
  • notoriously poor wage
  • poor work/life balance
  • covid
  • Benefits
  • elevated stress levels
56
Q

Key destinations for healthcare emigration

A
  • Australia
  • USA
  • Canada
  • Spain
  • France
  • Dubai
57
Q

Migration Statistics:

A
  • 2021, 573,000 people immigrated to the UK while 334,00 people emigrated from it, leaving net migration of 239,00
  • 3.4 million EU nationals live in the UK
  • 1960-1990s, the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants
  • immigration rates exceeds emigration rates by more than 100,00 every yr since 1998
  • immigrants are labelled negatively, the public body regards them as “economic burdens” and largely demonizes them as “terrorists” or “criminals”
58
Q

International Healthcare Recruits from:

A
  • Pakistan
  • Philippines
  • India

Unit 1: Contemporary Issues in Health/Social (3 decks)

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