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a-level physics > 7. Further Mechanics > Flashcards

7. Further Mechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is linear speed?

A

the distance travelled per second

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2
Q

What is the equation for linear speed?

A

v = d/t

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3
Q

What is angular speed?

A

the angle turned through per second

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4
Q

What is the equation for angular speed?

A

ω = θ/t

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5
Q

Where is centripetal acceleration directed?

A

towards the centre of the circle and perpendicular to the velocity

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6
Q

What are the two equations used to calculate centripetal acceleration?

A

a = ω²r

a = v²/r

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7
Q

What is the centripetal force?

A

the resultant force acting on a object in circular motion

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8
Q

Where is centripetal force directed?

A

towards the centre of the circle and perpendicular to the velocity

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9
Q

What are three examples of centripetal force?

A
  • gravity
  • friction
  • tension
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10
Q

What will happen if an object is moving in a circular path and the centripetal force is removed?

A

the object will fly off at a tangent

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11
Q

What are the two equations used to calculate centripetal force?

A

F = mω²r

F = mv ²/r

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12
Q

For motion in a vertical circle, what is centripetal force at the top of the circle?

A

CF = T + W

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13
Q

For motion in a vertical circle, what is the centripetal force at the bottom of the circle?

A

CF = T - W

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14
Q

When a car is going over a small hill, what is the centripetal force at the top of the hill?

A

CF = W - R

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15
Q

When a car is going over a hill, at what point will the car lose contact with the road?

A

when reaction force = 0N

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16
Q

At the moment of loosing contact, what is the centripetal force?

A

CF = W

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17
Q

What will an aircraft use when it needs to change direction?

A

banking

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18
Q

What is banking?

A

when the lift force, which normally acts upwards, provides a horizontal component

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19
Q

Give two examples of simple harmonic oscillators (SHO)

A
  • a simple pendulum
  • a mass on a spring
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20
Q

What is the full definition describing an object on simple harmonic motion?

A

an oscillation in which the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to its displacement from its equilibrium position in the opposite direction, and is directed towards the equilibrium

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21
Q

Why is acceleration proportional to negative displacement?

A

because acceleration is always directed towards the equilibrium

22
Q

What is a restoring force?

A

a force that tries to return the oscillator to the equilibrium

23
Q

Give two examples of restoring forces

A
  • gravity
  • tension
24
Q

What is the relationship between the size of the restoring force and the size of the displacement from equilibrium?

A

directly proportional

25
Q

When is the total energy equal to max kinetic energy in SHM?

A

at the equilibrium position

26
Q

When is the total energy equal to max potential energy?

A

at the amplitude/points of maximum displacement

27
Q

How do you calculate the displacement from equilibrium of an object moving with SHM?

A

x = Acos(ωt)

28
Q

How do you calculate the velocity of an object moving with SHM?

A

v = +/- ω√(A² - x²)

29
Q

When is the velocity of an oscillator greatest?

A

at the equilibrium when x = 0

30
Q

How do you calculate the maximum velocity of an object moving with SHM?

A

v max = +/- ωA

31
Q

How do you calculate the acceleration of an object moving with SHM?

A

a = - ω²x

32
Q

When is the acceleration of an oscillator greatest?

A

at the amplitude when x = A

33
Q

How do you calculate the maximum acceleration of an object moving with SHM?

A

a max = ω²A

34
Q

How do you calculate the maximum kinetic energy of an object in SHM?

A

Ek max = 2mπ²f²A²

35
Q

How do you calculate the maximum elastic potential energy for an object in SHM?

A

Ep max = 1/2 kA²

36
Q

How do you calculate the time period of a simple pendulum?

A

T = 2π √(l/g)

37
Q

What is the criteria for the equation used to calculate the time period of a simple pendulum?

A

the equation only works for small oscillations (angles no greater than 10˚)

38
Q

How do you calculate the time period of a mass spring system?

A

T = 2π √(m/k)

39
Q

What is a free vibration?

A
  • involves no transfer of energy to or from the surroundings
  • objects oscillate at their natural (resonant) frequency
40
Q

What is a forced vibration?

A
  • when there is a periodic, external driving force applied at a the driving frequency
41
Q

What is resonance?

A
  • when the driving frequency is equal to the natural frequency
  • maximum energy transfer
  • rapid/dangerous increase in amplitude
42
Q

What is the amplitude of oscillation and phase difference between the driver and the oscillator when the driving frequency is less than the natural frequency?

A
  • small
  • 0 (in phase)
43
Q

What is the amplitude of oscillation and phase difference between the driver and the oscillator when the driving frequency is equal to the natural frequency?

A
  • very large
  • π/2
44
Q

What is the amplitude of oscillation and phase difference between the driver and the oscillator when the driving frequency is greater than the natural frequency?

A
  • small
  • π (anti-phase)
45
Q

How does a guitar use resonance and stationary waves in combination?

A
  • stationary waves are forced on the guitar strings
  • this vibrations move little air so produce very quiet sounds
  • the body of the guitar is designed to have a natural frequency similar to the stationary waves
  • this causes the large body of the guitar to resonate
  • moving much more air
46
Q

What is damping?

A

any frictional force that acts in the opposite direction to the oscillator’s motion, causing it to lose energy

47
Q

In what direction does the damping force always act?

A

in the opposite direction to motion

48
Q

What are the four different types of damping?

A
  • light damping
  • heavy damping
  • critical damping
  • over damping
49
Q

Can damping stop resonance completely?

A

no - damping can only reduce the size of the amplitude

50
Q

What two main variables do not affect the time period of a mass spring system?

A
  • initial displacement/amplitude
  • gravity
51
Q

What two main variables do not affect the time period of a simple pendulum?

A
  • initial displacement/amplitude
  • mass of bob
52
Q

The value of L in the equation for the time period of a simple pendulum is measured from where to where?

A

from the pivot point to the centre of mass of the bob

a-level physics (15 decks)

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