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A-Level Physics > 5. Materials > Flashcards

5. Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

What is density?

A

‘compactness’ of a substance

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2
Q

What is the approximate density of water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature?

A

1000 kgm^3

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3
Q

What is the relationship between change in length and force applied?

A

change in length is directly proportional to force applied

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4
Q

What is Hooke’s law?

A

force is directly proportional to the change in length up to the limit of proportionality

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5
Q

What is the equation for Hooke’s law?

A

force = stiffness constant x change in length

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6
Q

What is stiffness constant?

A

force needed to extend an object by 1 metre

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7
Q

What does stiffness constant depend on?

A
  • material
  • length
  • shape
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8
Q

On a force against extension graph, what is the point where the straight line ends known as?

A

limit of proportionality

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9
Q

How is the force shared when springs are arranged in parallel?

A

force is shared equally

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10
Q

How is the force shared when springs are arranged in series?

A

they don’t share the force, they each carry the full weight

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11
Q

What happens when an object undergoes an elastic stretch/deformation?

A

it returns to its original shape once the load has been removed

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12
Q

What happens when an object undergoes an plastic stretch/deformation?

A

it doesn’t return to its original shape once the load is removed

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13
Q

When does plastic deformation occur?

A

when you stretch an object past it’s elastic limit

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14
Q

What does the area under a force against extension graph represent?

A
  • work done to stretch the object by that change in length

- elastic potential energy now stored

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15
Q

How are energy and extension related?

A

energy is directly proportional to extension squared

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16
Q

What happens to the work put in to stretching a string in an elastic stretch when the force is removed?

A

it is released

17
Q

What happens so some of the energy in a plastic stretch?

A
  • it is used to rearrange the bonds

- it is lost as heat

18
Q

What is stress?

A

force divided by cross-sectional area

19
Q

What is strain?

A

the change in length divided by the original length

20
Q

What is the gradient of the straight section of a force against extension graph?

A

stiffness constant

21
Q

What is the area under a force against extension graph?

A

elastic potential energy

22
Q

What is the gradient of the straight section of a stress against strain graph?

A

Young’s modulus

23
Q

What is the area under a stress against strain graph?

A

elastic potential energy per unit volume

24
Q

What is ultimate tensile stress?

A

the maximum stress a sample can withstand

25
Q

What is breaking stress?

A

the stress at which a material breaks

26
Q

What is Young’s modulus?

A

a measure of the stiffness of the material

27
Q

What is yield stress?

A

the force per unit cross-sectional area after which the material exhibits a large increase in strain for no increase in (or less) stress

28
Q

How does a brittle material break?

A

will break without warning and leave flat surfaces

29
Q

How does a ductile material break?

A

will deform and stretch slowly before breaking and leaving a deformed surface

30
Q

State two examples of brittle materials

A

glass, china

31
Q

State two examples of ductile materials

A

rubber, metals

32
Q

What is ‘necking’?

A
  • where the object gets thinner
  • concentrates force over a smaller cross-sectional area meaning force can be reduced but still cause an increase in strain
33
Q

What is brittle fracture?

A

when stress is applied, any tiny cracks on the material’s surface focus the stress and get bigger until the materials breaks completely leaving a flat break

A-Level Physics (15 decks)

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