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Clin-Med B2 > 7: Dysrhythmias > Flashcards

7: Dysrhythmias Flashcards

0
Q

Arrhythmias- SA node

A

1: sunus bradycardia
2: sinus tachycardia
3: sinus dysrhythmia
4: sinus arrest

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1
Q

Normal Sinus rhythm

A
  • there must always be a P wave
  • the P wave should be a rounded shape
  • each P wave should be the same shape
  • each P wave should be followed by a QRS of normal morphology
  • the P-R interval should be 3-5 small squares and constant
  • the rhythm should be regular
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2
Q

Arrhythmias- Atria

A

1: wandering pacemaker
2: premature atrial contractions (PAC)
3: atrial tachycardia (AT)
4: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
- AVNRT
- AVRT
5: atrial flutter
6: atrial fibrillation

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3
Q

Arrhythmias- AV junction

A

1: junctional rhythm
2: premature junctional contractions
3: junctional ectopic tachycardia

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4
Q

Arrhythmias- Ventricles

A

1: ventricular escape complexes and rhythm
2: premature ventricular complexes
3: ventricular tachycardia
4: ventricular fibrillation

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5
Q

Arrhythmias- Conduction

A

1: AV blocks
- 1-4th degree blocks
2: Bundle branch blocks
- RBBB
- LBBB
- Hemi-blocks

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6
Q

dysrhythmia- dx

A

Holter monitor
-portable ECG recorder for 24hr recording- for arrhythmia that occur less than daily
Treadmill testing
-dysrhythmias exacerbated by stress
Electrophysiologic studies (EP)
-electrodes are placed inside the right atrium and ventricle using catheter
-dx of abnormal foci or tract, SA, AV node disorder, placement of permanent pacemaker

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7
Q

Sinus arrhythmia

A

Phasic variation of R-R interval with respiration

Heart rate increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration

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8
Q

Sinus arrest

A 
Failure of sinus node to initiate impulse- normal rhythm followed by an absent P wave and an absent ORS
causes
-sick sinus syndrome
-ischemia
-digitalis toxicity
-excess vagal tone
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9
Q

Sick sinus syndrome

A

causes: degenerative process damaging the sinus node
-Sarcoidosis
-Amyloidosis
-Chaga’s disease
-Cardiomyopathies
sx: sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest or SA block, alternating episodes of tachyarrhythmia and bradycardia
Tx: no tx for asymptomatic, permanent pacing for symptomatic pts

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10
Q

Wandering atrial pacemaker (WAP)

A

Transient shifts in location of dominant pacemaker
EKG
-continual changes in the P-wave morphology. P waves vary in size, shape, and directions
-at least 3 different P waves must be present
-varying P-R intervals
Tx: not needed

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11
Q

Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)

A

WAP associated with tachycardia (>100bpm)
Narrow QRS complexes
causes
-cor pulmonale, digitalis toxicity, CAD, elderly

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12
Q

Atrial tachycardia (AT)

A 
heart rate: 120-250bpm
AV block (by adenosine) does not terminate tachycardia
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13
Q

Premature atrial complexes

A

Common and benign

Premature P wave (buried in the preceding T wave)

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14
Q

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)

A

sudden onset, usually initiated by a premature beat and the arrhythmia stops abruptly
Could result in decreased CO, angina, hypotention, CHF
types
1: AV node reentry (AVNRT)- 90%
2: AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT)

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15
Q

AVNRT- info

A

Slow AV nodal pathway for anterograde conduction and Fast AV nodal pathway for retrograde conduction
P-wave buried in QRS and not seen
-if P wave is seen: pseudo ‘r’ wave at the end of QRS complex in V1, V2; or pseudo ‘S’ waves maybe seen in LEAD II, III, aVF
-Tachycardia associated with prolongation of PR interval

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16
Q

AVNRT- management

A 
Initial maneuvers
-carotid sinus massage
-gagging
-valsalva maneuver
If fails
-Adenosine (DOC)**
If hemodynamic compromise (hypotension)
-DC cardioversion**
Chronic 
-Beta blocker
-Ca channel blockers
-Class IC antiarrhythmics
-Radiofrequency catheter ablation of slow tract
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17
Q

AVRT- info

A

AV node and 1 or more bypass tracts
Orthodromic tachycardia (narrow qrs complex tachycardia)
-anterograde via AV node and retrograde via accessory pathway
Antidromic tachycardia (wide qrs complex tachycardia)
-anterograde via accessory pathway and retrograde via bundle of His and AV node

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18
Q

Antidromic AVRT

A 
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW)
associated with Ebstein's anomaly
The bundle of Kent* (accessory pathway)
- results in delta waves**
EKG
-Short P-R interval (0.12sec)
-Slurring of upstroke (delta waves) of QRS complex
-Secondary ST-T wave change
19
Q

AVRT- tx

A

Catheter ablation (choice)
DC cardioversion
Orthodromic: Adenosine or verapamil*
Antidromic: Procainamide or cardioversion
-contraindicated: AV node blockers** (digitalis, adenosine, diltiazem, verapamil, Ca channel blocker, beta-blocker)

20
Q

Atrial flutter- info

A

Rhythm disturbance of the atria
Sawtooth flutter waves (P waves) in LEAD II, III, aVF**
-reentrant atrial tachycardia
-rate of ventricular response increases above 140/m-> CO drops and cardiac sx appear*
Complication- CHF, embolization

21
Q

Atrial flutter- causes

A
  • long standing HTN
  • Valvular heart disease (rheumatic)
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Acute pulmonary embolism*
22
Q

Atrial flutter- tx

A 
symptomatic
Cardiversion
-when spontaneous reversion doesnt occur
-when there is hemodynamic instability
-acute myocardial ischemia
Rate control
-verapamil, beta-blockers
-catheter ablation (if no response to drugs)
23
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

dysrhythmia due to multiple areas of reentry within the atria
complete disorganization of atrial electrical activity
Atrial rate: 350-600/m-> P waves are replaced by fine, undulating fibrillatory waves (“F” waves)**
R-R interval is irregular
Peripheral emboli**- 15% risk of stroke

24
Q

Atrial fibrillation- physical exam

A

Variation in intensity of first heart sound (S1)**
Heart rate is irregular
Absence of ‘a’ wave in Jugular venous pulsation** (no atrial contraction)

25
Q

Atrial fibrillation- tx

A

Rate control- beta blocker, Ca channel blocker, digoxin
Anticoagulant therapy
-Heparin and Warfarin if A-fib > 2days old**
Restoration of rhythm- cardioversion
-hemodynamically instable: IV heparin-> immediate cardioversion**
-hemodynamically stable:
–48hrs of A-fib: continue cate control and anticoagulation for 3 weeks before attempting cardioversion**
Rhythm control
-Type IA, IC, III
-Amiodarone (Class III): DOC following cardioversion**

26
Q

Junctional escape rhythm

A

SA node fails to discharge-> AV node becomes the dominant pacemaker
causes
-Inferior MI, cardiac surgery, digoxin toxicity
EKG
-inverted or absent P-wave before QRS complex or P after QRS
-narrow QRS

27
Q

Premature ventricular complexes (PVC)

A

MC ventricular rhythm disturbance
Two successive PVCs are called “couplet”
-Monomorphic VT: 3 or more PVC >100bp with similar morphology
-Multifocal or polymorphic VT: morphology varies*
-Bigeminy VT: PVCs successively alternate with a sinus beat
Discordant ST segment and T wave changes (T wave is opposite the major deflection of the QRS)
Full compensatory pause- double the preceding R-R interval following PVC

28
Q

PVC- causes, tx

A
  • excess caffeine, alcohol, tobacco
  • emotional stress
  • sympathomimetics
  • hypoxia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia

no tx w/o significant sx
Beta blocker can be used in MI

29
Q

Ventral tachycardia- sx

A 
Sustained VT:
-lasts >30 sec
-associated with hemodynamic instability
-syncope, dizziness, palpitations
Nonsustained VT:
-lasts <30 sec
-not associated with hymodynamic compromise
-Asx or transient palpitations
30
Q

VT- dx

A

Intermittent canon ‘a’ waves in Jugular veins and Variable first heart sound (S1)**

31
Q

VT- tx

A

Hemodynamic instability: DC cardioversion**
Stable pts
-Lidocaine (DOC)**
-Procainamide
Recurrent sustained or sx non-sustained VT:
-Implanted cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD)

32
Q

Torsades de Pointes- info

A

VT characterized by polymorphic QRS* associated with prolonged QT* (often >0.6sec)
Risk of sudden death**

33
Q

Torsades de Pointes- causes

A

Congenital anomaly: familial long QT syndrome
Drugs: Quinidine, Disopyramide, Phenothiazine, Tricyclic antidepressants**
Electrolyte imbalance: hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia**

34
Q

Torsades de Pointes- tx

A

Acute
-IV magnesium** (slows down the heart-> watch out for cardiac arrest)
-Beta blocker, Mexiltine, Phenytoin
Chronic
-Beta blocker
-if recurs
–Left-sided cervicothoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy
–Dual chamber permanent pacing
–Cardioverter/Defibrillator (ICD) for congenital forms

35
Q

Ventricular escape beats- Idioventricular rhythm

A

there is a lack of impulses from SA or AV nodes

36
Q

Ventricular fibrillation- info

A

chaotic ventricular rhythm-> no ventricular contraction
no P wave no QRS complex
LETHAL!! in 3-5 mins

37
Q

V fib- tx

A

Immediate cardioversion and CPR

38
Q

First degree AV block

A

delay in conduction from sinus node to the ventricle
all impulses are conducted
P-R interval >0.2sec

39
Q

Second degree AV block

A 
intermittent failure of AV conduction
Type I (Mobitz type I or Wenkebach): MC: AV node (qrs narrow)
-Progressive lengthening of the P-R interval-> failure of a P wave to conduct and an absent QRS
Type II (Mobitz type II)
-Abrupt failure of AV conduction
-no preceding gradual P-R prolongation
40
Q

Second degree AV block type I- tx

A 
Most case dont require tx
Electrophysiologic mapping if
-no identifiable acute cause
-elderly pt
-Severe coronary artery disease
-calcified aortic disease
Permanent pacing if
-Block within the bundle of His (qrs wide)*
-History of dizziness or syncope
41
Q

Third degree heart block-info

A

Complete heart block

  • total dissociation btw P wave and QRS complex
  • Giant cannon wave in jugular vein may be seen when atria contracts against closed AV valve**
42
Q

Third degree heart block- AV node

A

Narrow QRS complex
Asx
Heart rate >50bmp
Tx: pacemaker, Atropine

43
Q

Third degree heart block- Bundle of His

A

Wide QRS complex
Ventricular rate 30-40bpm
Unresponsive to ANS influence*
Tx: permanent pacing**

44
Q

Right bundle branch block

A

S2 is widely split due to delayed closure of pulmonic valve
Secondary R wave (R’) in right precordial LEADs: V1, V2
Wide S wave: V5, V6

45
Q

Left bundle branch block

A

Paradoxical splitting of S2 due to delayed closure of aortic valve** (during inspiration, splitting gets smaller)
Broad R wave: V5, V6
Deep S wave: V1, V2

46
Q

What to focus on..

A

Ddx- sinus tachycardia (p-qrst), paroxysmal supraventral tachycardia (pseudo R wave, sudden onset)
Sinus arrest (no p and qrs)
WAP (at least 3 p wave morphology, with tachycardia-> MAT)
PAC (narrow qrs) PVC (wide qrs)- both with premature p wave
PSVT- know tx: AVNRT (adenosine)
Antidromic AVRT: delta waves. contraindication
Atrial flutter/ fibrillation- dx, complication, PE, tx schedule.
premature ventricular complexes- dx
V-tach: management, sx
Torsades de pointes: ekg
V-fib: ekg, tx
AV block: just know all blocks
RBBB, LBBB

Clin-Med B2 (14 decks)

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