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NEUROANATOMY > (7) Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

(7) Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

mnemonic to remember cranial nerve names

A 
On = Olfactory
Occasion= Optic 
Our= Oculomotor
Trusty = Trochlear
Truck= Trigeminal
Acts = Abducens
Funny= Facial
Very= Vestibulocochlear
Good= Glossopharyngeal
Vehicle= Vagus
Any= Accessory 
How= Hypoglossal
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2
Q

mnemonic to remember sensory/motor/both of cranial nerves

A 
Some= olfactory
Say= optic
Money= oculomotor
Matters= trochlear
But= trigeminal
My= abducens
Brother= facial
Says= vestibulocochlear
Big= glossopharyngeal
Brains= vagus
Matter= accessory
Most= hypoglossal
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3
Q

3 different types of nerves

A

sensory (afferent) vs motor (efferent)
somatic vs visceral
general sensory vs special sensory

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4
Q

general sensory vs special sensory example

A

general= pain, temperature, touch, proprioception

special= vision, hearing, smell (NOT TASTE)

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5
Q

6 nerve types

A 
somatic sensory (Ss)-- sensations from face
special sensory (Sp) -- smell, vision, hearing
somatic motor (Sm)-- extraocular muscles (innervate skeletal muscle)
Visceral sensory (Vi)-- gut distension, taste
visceral motor (A)-- salivary gland
pharyngeal (P) -- facial muscle
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6
Q

most skeletal muscle of the body is derived from…

A

myotomes

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7
Q

innervation of myotomes is

A

somatic motor

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8
Q

some skeletal muscle in the head and neck are derived from…

A

branchial (gill) arches

innervation is pharyngeal motor (P)

  • give rise to muscle of facial expression, chewing, jaw
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9
Q

what are ganglia?

A

similar structure and function

outside CNS (in PNS)

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10
Q

2 neuron chain of general visceral efferents (autonomics)

A
  • preganglionic neuron projects to ganglion; synapses (acetycholine) onto post ganglionic neuron
  • post ganglionic neuron projects to target
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11
Q

general visceral efferents arise entirely from…

A

spinal cord

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12
Q

general visceral efferents sympathetics emerge from

A

intermediate horn spinal cord (T2-L3) and travel through sympathetic chain

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13
Q

general visceral efferents sympathetics synapse..

A

either within chain or abdominal or pelvic ganglia

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14
Q

preganglionic and postganglionic length of general visceral efferents sympathetics

A

preganglionic= short

post-ganglionic= long

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15
Q

post ganglionic neurotransmitter

general visceral efferents sympathetics

A

noradrenaline

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16
Q

is there a sympathetic component of cranial nerves?

A

NO sympathetic component

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17
Q

general visceral efferents parasympathetics emerge from

A
  • principle supply from cranial nerves

- part of some cranial nerves (and sacral spinal nerves)

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18
Q

general visceral efferents parasympathetics length of pre/post ganglionic

A

pre-ganglionic= long

post-ganglionic= short

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19
Q

post ganglionic neurotransmitter

general visceral efferents parasympathetics

A

acetycholine

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20
Q

preganglionic portiosn of general visceral efferents parasympathetics found where?

A

at specific nucleus in brainstem, or found in grey matter of lowest levels of the spinal cord (S2-S4)

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21
Q

what is CN I

A

Olfactory nerve

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22
Q

is CN I sensory/motor/both

A

sensory only

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23
Q

what type of sensory is CNI

A

special sensory (Sp)

  • olfaction and smell
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24
Q

multiple elements of CNI passes from…

A

olfactory epithelium through skull to reach olfactory bulb where it synapses

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25
Q

what is CNII

A

Optic nerve

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26
Q

is CN II sensory/motor/both

A

sensory only

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27
Q

what type of sensory is CNII

A

Special sensory (Sp)

  • vision from retina
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28
Q

CNII fibers cross where? terminate?

A

some fibers cross at optic chiasma

  • terminate in thalamus (LGN), midbrain (superior colliculus), and hypothalamus
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29
Q

what is CNIII

A

oculomotor

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30
Q

is CNIII sensory/motor/both

A

motor only

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31
Q

what type of motor is CNIII

A

somatic motor (Sm)

Visceral Motor (A)

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32
Q

somatic motor of CNIII

A
  • most extraocular eye muscles (medial, superior, inferior recti; inferior oblique; levator palpebrae superioris)
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33
Q

visceral motor of CNIII

A

pupil diameter

- constriction, parasympathetic

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34
Q

CNIII emerges from…

A

anterior, rostral midbrain

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35
Q

damage to CNIII results in

A

eye movement problems

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36
Q

6 muscles the produce eye movement

A
  • superior rectus
  • lateral rectus
  • medial rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • superior oblique
  • inferior oblique
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37
Q

6 different eye movements

A 
adduction 
abduction 
elevation 
depression 
extorsion 
intorsion
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38
Q

what is adduction eye movement & what muscle

A

pupil toward midline/nose

  • medial rectus
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39
Q

what is abduction eye movement & what muscle

A

pupil away from nose (temporally)

  • lateral rectus
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40
Q

what is elevation eye movement & what muscle

A

move pupil up within orbit

  • superior rectus + inferior oblique
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41
Q

what is depression eye movement & what muscle

A

move pupil down within orbit

  • inferior rectus + superior oblique
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42
Q

what is extorsion eye movement

A

pupil rotate away from midline

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43
Q

what is intorsion eye movement

A

pupil rotate toward midline

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44
Q

levator palpebrae superioris contributes to

A

elevation of the upper eyelid

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45
Q

weakness of levator palpebrae results in (what is it called)

A

weakness of muscle or loss of innervation leads to droopy eye lid called ptosis

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46
Q

oculomotor nerve carries… (pre/post ganglionic)

A

preganglionc parasympathetics to the ciliary ganglion

post-ganglionic carried by the short ciliary nerve to the eye

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47
Q

what is CN IV

A

Trochlear

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48
Q

is CN IV sensory/motor/both

A

Motor only

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49
Q

what type of motor CN IV

A

somatic motor (Sm)

  • extraocular eye muscles (nerve supply for superior oblique)

movement of eyeball

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50
Q

CN IV emerges from

A

posterior caudal midbrain/rostral pons

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51
Q

what makes CN IV special?

A

only nerve that emerges from posterior of brainstem

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52
Q

damage to CN IV results in?

A

when ask for depression (move down in orbit), eye deviates from midline

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53
Q

what is CN V

A

trigeminal nerve

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54
Q

is CN V sensory/motor/both

A

BOTH

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55
Q

what motor and sensory is CN V?

A

pharyngeal (P)

somatic sensory (Ss)

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56
Q

pharyngeal CNV (2)

A

(motor)

  • muscles of mastication (chewing)
  • inner ear muscle (tensor tympani)
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57
Q

somatic sensory of CN V (2)

A
  • sensation (pain, temperature, touch, conscious proprioception) from face, scalp, cornea, nasal and oral cavity, anterior 2/3 tongue, dura (surrounding brain)
  • unconscious proprioception (muscles of mastication)
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58
Q

where does CN V emerge from?

A

lateral pons, mid-pons

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59
Q

4 muscles of mastication

A

temporalis

masseter

medial pterygoids

lateral pterygoids

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60
Q

sensory fibers of trigeminal nerve are distributed to surface of face in what 3 divisions?

A

ophthalmic division

maxillary division (cheek bones)

mandibular division (lower jaw, teeth)

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61
Q

what is tensor tympani

A

muscle that attaches to tympanic membrane directly

tympanic membrane (where the ear canal terminates– the eardrum)

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62
Q

what is the function of tensor tympani?

A

dampen nose of chewing

  • when tensed, muscle pulls the malleus medially, tensing tympanic membrane and damping vibration in the ear ossicles
  • reducing perceive amplitude of sounds
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63
Q

what is CN VI?

A

abducens nerve

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64
Q

is CN VI sensory/motor/both

A

motor only

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65
Q

what type of motor is CN VI?

A

somatic motor (Sm)

  • extraocular eye muscles (lateral rectus muscle)
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66
Q

damage to CN VI results in??

A

loss of function/weakness in lateral rectus, difficult move eye laterally

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67
Q

CN VI emerges from

A

caudal pons, medial

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68
Q

what is CN VII?

A

facial nerve

69
Q

is CN VII sensory/motor/both

A

BOTH

70
Q

what type of sensory and motor is CN VII

A

motor: pharyngeal, visceral motor
sensory: visceral sensory, somatic sensory

71
Q

pharyngeal CN VII

A

muscles of facial expression

inner ear muscle (stapedius)

72
Q

visceral motor CN VII

A

salivary glands (submandibular sublingual) via submandibular ganglia

lacrimal glands (tears) via pterygopalatine ganglia

(parasympathetic) – increases saliva and tear production

73
Q

visceral sensory CN VII

A

anterior 2/3 tongue (Taste)

74
Q

somatic sensory CN VII

A

skin of outer ear

75
Q

CN VII emerges from

A

caudal pons, lateral

76
Q

2 functions of muscles of facial expression?

A
  • make you smile, frown, close eyes tightly

- many muscles innervated by facial nerve

77
Q

function of the stapedius

A

dampens the vibrations of the stapes by pulling on the neck of that bone

  • help control amplitude of sound waves
  • dampens ability of stapes vibration and protects inner ear from high noise levels (own voice volume)
78
Q

what is CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

79
Q

is CN VIII sensory/motor/both

A

sensory only

80
Q

what type of sensory is CN VIII

A

special sensory (Sp)

balance and hearing

81
Q

CN VIII emerges from?

A

caudal pons, lateral

82
Q

what part of ear detects gravity

A

semicircular canals (part of vestibular apparatus), info is collected by vestibular nerve

  • detects gravity, direction of head in space
83
Q

what is CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

84
Q

is CN IX sensory/motor/both

A

both

85
Q

motor and sensory components of CN IX

A

motor: pharyngeal, visceral motor
sensory: visceral sensory, somatic sensory

86
Q

pharyngeal component of CN IX

A
  • stylopharyngeus (swallowing)
87
Q

visceral motor component of CN IX

A 
parotid gland (salivation)
- parasympathetic
88
Q

visceral sensory component of CN IX (3)

A
  • taste fibers posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • pharynx sensation (gag reflex) – afferent limb
  • carotid body/sinus
89
Q

somatic sensory component of CN IX (3)

A
  • general sensation of posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • ear: inner tympanic membrane
  • outer ear skin

(pain, temperature)

90
Q

visceral motor of CN IX pre/post-ganglionics

A

pre= synapse to otic ganglia

post= travel to parotid gland (salivary gland)
- stimulates saliva

91
Q

visceral sensory of CN IX carotid body/sinus

A

body= chemoreceptors monitoring blood O2, CO2, and pH

Carotid sinus: baroreceptors monitoring blood pressure
- higher control of cardiac function

  • sensory info carried by glossopharyngeal nerve
92
Q

what is CN X?

A

vagus nerve

93
Q

is CN X sensory/motor/both?

A

both

94
Q

motor and sensory components of CN X

A

motor: pharyngeal, visceral motor
sensory: somatic sensory, visceral sensory

95
Q

CN X pharyngeal component

A

muscles in pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus

  • speech and swallowing, gag reflex (Efferent limb)
96
Q

CN X visceral motor component

A
  • parasympathetic control of thoracic (lungs/heart) and abdominal viscera (stomach, intestine etc)
  • principle parasympathetic control**
97
Q

somatic sensory of CN X

A
  • general sensation: external ear, innervate external tympanic membrane
98
Q

visceral sensory of CN X (2)

A
  • sensation from viscera; larynx, esophagus, gut

- aortic bodies (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors)

99
Q

CN X emerges from

A

mid medulla, laterally

100
Q

vagus nerve delivers pre ganglionic parasympathetic to

A

ganglia on target organs

  • go to structures in thorax and abdomen
101
Q

post-ganglionic vagus nerve located

A

within the target tissue, within walls/structure of visceral structures

102
Q

what is CN XI

A

accessory nerve

103
Q

is CN XI sensory/motor/both

A

motor only

104
Q

motor component of CN XI

A

pharyngeal

  • sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
  • movement of head and shoulders
105
Q

CN XI is formed by

A

rootlets from cervical spinal cord

106
Q

what is CN XII

A

hypoglossal nerve

107
Q

is CN XII sensory/motor/both

A

motor only

108
Q

motor component of hypoglossal nerve

A

somatic motor

  • muscles of tongue
  • movement of tongue
109
Q

CN XII emerges from

A

medulla, laterally (more anterior)

110
Q

which 3 nerves are purely special sensory

A

CNI olfactory

CNII optic

CN IX vestibulocochlear

111
Q

which nerve is both somatic and visceral motor

A

CN III oculomotor

112
Q

what 5 nerves are purely motor

A 
CN II optic  - extraocular eye muscles 
CN III oculomotor - extraocular eye muscles 
CN VI abducens- extraocular eye muscles 
CN XI accessory
CN XII hypoglossal
113
Q

what 4 nerves are both motor and sensory

A

CN V trigeminal
CN VII facial
CN IX glossopharyngeal
CN X vagus

114
Q

cranial nerve nuclei are organized into ….

A

functional columns

115
Q

at what levels of the spinal cord is somatic present??

A

every level

116
Q

at what levels of the spinal cord is visceral present?

A

thoracic and sacral

117
Q

what type of nerve is most medial?

A

somatic motor

motor=medial

118
Q

what type of nerve is most lateral?

A

special sensory

sensory=lateral

119
Q

cranial nerve nuclei compact and restricted to a…

A

restricted (rostral-caudal) to a sub-region of a single level of brainstem

  • typically near the level where nerve emerges/enters the brainstem
120
Q

caudal medulla at pyramidal decussation what cranial nerve nucleus is present?

  • associated with what nerve?
A

somatic sensory nucleus associated with trigeminal nerve

121
Q

the trigeminal sensory nucleus extends where?

A

extends full length of the brainstem

122
Q

trigeminal sensory nucleus 3 components

A
  • spinal trigeminal nucleus (lower part)= medulla + pons
  • main sensory nucleus (where nerve connects)= pons
  • mesencephalic nucleus (upper part)= pons + midbrain
123
Q

3 somatic sensory modalities of spinal trigeminal nucleus

A

crude touch, pain and temperature

  • spinothalamic tract
124
Q

2 somatic sensory modalities of

A

discriminative touch and conscious proprioception

  • dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway
125
Q

somatic sensory modality of mesencephalic nucleus

A

unconscious proprioception
- associated with muscles of mastication

  • spinocerebellar pathways
126
Q

CN V primary neuron 2 locations

A

in the trigeminal ganglion (of spinal trigeminal nucleus)

and the mesencephalic nucleus

127
Q

output from the spinal and main nuclei do what?

A

cross and enter the spinothalamic tract and medial lemniscus

  • travel to the thalamus (ventral posterior nucleus)
  • then to somatosensory cortex
128
Q

mesencephalic nucleus projections go to

A

trigeminal motor nucleus providing proprioceptive feedback (and reflexes) for muscles of mastication

  • also projections to the cerebellum (trigeminocerebellar fibres) via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
129
Q

caudal medulla (caudal to the obex) is dominated by (what 2 things)

A

SpVn = spinal trigeminal nucleus

SpVtr= spinal trigeminal tract

130
Q

what is the hypoglossal nucleus

A

somatic motor (most medial)

131
Q

what is the vagas nerve nucleus (autonomic)

A

dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

  • autonomic( parasympathetic)
132
Q

solitary nucleus and tract

  • carries fibres for what 3 cranial nerves?
A

visceral sensory

  • tract carries fibers from CN VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus)
133
Q

solitary nucleus projects to

A

ventral posterior nucleus and hypothalamus (ipsilateral)

via the central tegmental tract

134
Q

visceral sensory info from solitary nucleus is carried by..

A

central tegmental tract to the thalamus

135
Q

at the caudal pons, fibers for what cranial nerves are present?

A

fibers for abducens (CN VI) and facial nerves (CNVII)

136
Q

at the caudal pons what 2 cranial nerve nuclei are present

A
  • facial motor nucleus (pharyngeal)

- abducens nucleus (somatic motor)

137
Q

course of projections from the facial nucleus

A

projections go first posterior and rostral, then hair pin turn and wraps around abducens nucleus to exit the brainstem

  • turn gives rise to the facial colliculus, and is formed by internal genu
138
Q

internal genu of the facial nerve are the… and form the….

A

they are the most posterior fibers

produce facial colliculus

139
Q

what 3 trigeminal nerve nuclei are present at mid pons

A
  • main nucleus
  • mesencephalic nucleus (unconscious proprioception)
  • motor nucleus (pharyngeal)- muscles of mastication
140
Q

what cranial nerve nuclei is present at the rostral pons

A

continuation of mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

141
Q

what cranial nerve nuclei is present at the caudal midbrain

A

trochlear nucleus (trochlear nerve, CN IV)

somatic motor, medially located

142
Q

what is so special about the trochlear nerve nuclei

A

it is the only CN with motor nucleus that decussates, and exits posterior margin

143
Q

4 somatic motor nerve nuclei

A 
oculomotor nucleus (CN III)
trochlear nucleus  (CN IV) 
abducens nucleus ( CN VI)
hypoglossal nucleus (CN XII)
144
Q

where is the medial longitudinal fissure located

A

always present at midline

connects nuclei associated with eye movements

  • CN III (oculomotor)
  • CN IV (optic)
  • CN VI (abducens)
145
Q

4 pharyngeal nerve nuclei

A

Trigeminal motor nucleus (CN V) - mid pons
facial motor nucleus (CN VII) - caudal pons
nucleus ambiguus (glossopharyngeal, vagus)
accessory nucleus (CN XI)

146
Q

5 autonomic parasympathetic nerve nuclei

A
  • nucleus of edinger westphal (CN III oculomotor)
  • superior salivary nucleus (CN VII facial)
  • inferior salivary nucleus (CN IX glossopharyngeal)
  • dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (CN V)
  • nucleus ambiguus (CN X vagus)
147
Q

nucleus of edinger westphall

A

CN III (oculomotor)

innervation of iris via ciliary ganglia

148
Q

superior salivary nucleus

A

CN VII (facial)

innervation of lacrimal gland via pterygopalatine ganglia and submandibular gland via submandibular ganglia

149
Q

inferior salivary nucleus

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

  • innervation of parotid gland via otic ganglia
150
Q

exception to rule of one nucleus, one functional type

A
  • pharyngeal/branchiomeric component

- autonomic component

151
Q

visceral sensory of the solitary nucleus and tract

A

found in medulla, tract extending from pons

  • taste sensation mediated by upper portion of solitary nucleus
  • viscera = lower part of nucleus
152
Q

primary visceral sensory neurons for CN VII found in…

A

geniculate ganglion

153
Q

primary visceral sensory neurons for CN IX found in

A

inferior ganglion of IX

154
Q

primary visceral sensory neurons for CN X found in

A

inferior ganglion of X

155
Q

what are considered visceral sensations?

A

blood pressure, blood oxygen level

156
Q

primary somatic sensory neurons for CN V are located in (2)

A

trigeminal ganglia and mesencephalic nucleus

157
Q

fibers from CN VII, IX and X project to the …

A

spinal nucleus and the main sensory necleus via the spinal tract

  • skin of the ear
158
Q

CN VII primary somatic sensory neuron

A

geniculate ganglion

  • project to spinal trigeminal nucleus

(from outer ear)

159
Q

CN VII primary visceral sensory neuron

A

geniculate ganglion

  • project to solitary nucleus, travel with tract

(taste buds anterior 2/3 tongue)

160
Q

CN VII pharyngeal nucleus

A

facial motor nucleus (does loop)

  • muscles of facial expression and stapedius
161
Q

CN VII visceral motor nucleus

A

to salivary, nasal and palatine and lacrimal glands (via submandibular and pterygopalatine ganglia)

  • superior salivary nucleus give rise to preganglionic fibers to ganglia that innervate salivary and lacrimal glands
162
Q

CN IX primary somatic sensory neuron

A

superior ganglia of IX

- project ot spinal trigeminal nucleus

163
Q

CN IX primary visceral sensory neuron

A

inferior ganglion of IX

2 visceral sensory

  • taste buds posterior 1/3 tongue
  • carotid body, and sinus, mucosa, pharynx, posterior tongue, middle ear (travel to solitary nucleus)
164
Q

CN IX brachial motor (pharyngeal) nucleus

A

nucleus ambiguus

165
Q

CN IX visceral motor projects to

A

parotid glands via otic ganglion

166
Q

CN X primary somatic sensory nuclei

A

superior ganglion of X

outer ear
- project to spinal trigeminal nucleus

167
Q

CN X primary visceral sensory nuclei

A

inferior ganglion of X

2 visceral sensory

  • from epiglottal taste buds
  • from larynx, pharynx, thorax, abdomen
168
Q

CN X brachial motor projects to

A

larynx and pharynx

169
Q

CN X visceral motor 2 components

A

thorax and abdomen

NEUROANATOMY (7 decks)

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