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NEUROANATOMY > (1) Overview 1/2 > Flashcards

(1) Overview 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system is divided into…. (2)

A

central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

nuclei vs ganglia

A

nuclei= cell bodies in CNS (similar structure & function)

ganglia= cell bodies in PNS (similar structure & function)

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3
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

brain
retina
spinal cord

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4
Q

what makes up the PNS?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

various ganglia

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5
Q

what are cranial nerves

A

emerge from brain and go to structures

theres 12

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6
Q

what are cranial nerves?

A

emerge form brain and go to spinal cord

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7
Q

3 main subdivisions of the brain

A

forebrain
cerebellum
brainstem

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8
Q

what is the forebrain composed of

A

2 massive cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

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9
Q

what separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

(medial) longitudinal fissure

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10
Q

are there more neurons or glial cells in the brain??

A

MORE GLIAL CELLS

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11
Q

how many neurons in the brain

A

100 billion neurons

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12
Q

how many glial cells in the brain

A

1 trillion glial cells in brain/spinal cord and PNS

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13
Q

what are neurons

A

information processing and signalling elements

used to convey information (electrical signals)

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14
Q

3 major components of a neuron

A

1) cell body/soma
2) dendrites
3) axon

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15
Q

function of cell body/soma?

A

supports metabolic and synthetic needs of neuron

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16
Q

function of dendrites?

A

RECEIVE information

  • they are tapering processes
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17
Q

function of axons?

A

conducts information AWAY from cell body

  • long, cylindrical processes
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18
Q

what are sensory neurons

A

either directly sensitive to various stimuli, or receive direction connections from non-neuronal receptor cells

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19
Q

where do motor neurons end?

A

directly on muscles, glands or other neurons in PNS ganglia

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20
Q

where are the processes of interneurons

A

processes confined to single small area in CNS

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21
Q

what are projecting neurons

A

have long axons connecting different areas

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22
Q

who is Ramon Cajal?

A

Father of Modern Neuroscience

  • neurons are individual elements
  • described functional circuits
  • pyramidal cell from layer 3 impregnanted with Golgi method
  • small number of cells get stained, able to differentiate structure led to identification of different cell types
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23
Q

what is Cajal famous for?

A

Golgi Technique & Silver stain

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24
Q

what are synapses

A

location where neurons COMMUNICATE with each other

  • input= dendrite
  • output= axon
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25
Q

what is neuroanatomy?

A

describes connections between neurons that lead to pathways and circuits that subserve specific functions

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26
Q

3 types of neuroglial cells

A

1) Macroglia
2) microglia
3) ependymal cells

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27
Q

3 types of MACROGLIA

A

1- astrocytes
2- oligodendrocyte
3- Schwann Cell

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28
Q

2 types of astrocytes and associated with?

A

protoplasmic= associated with neuron CELL BODIES (gray matter)

fibrous= associated with dendrites and axons, processes of neurons (white matter)

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29
Q

function of astrocytes

A
  • regulate exchange of molecules
  • contributes to BBB
  • regulate blood flow
  • contribute to structural integrity of nervous tissue (structural support)
  • sense/monitor neural activity
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30
Q

what happens if increase Ca in astrocyte?

A

increase diameter of arteries (VASODILATION)

  • because astrocytes have processes onto them
31
Q

how do astrocytes maintain composition of ECF?

A

have ability to clear away neurotransmitters released

32
Q

are astrocytes in the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

33
Q

are oligodendrocytes in CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

34
Q

structure of oligodendrocytes

A
  • larger axons
  • thicker myelin
  • longer internodes
35
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

myelin- producing cells

36
Q

where do you find oligodendrocytes?

A

mostly in white matter

some in grey matter

37
Q

are Schwann cells in CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

38
Q

function of Schwann cells

A
  • myelin forms electrical insulation around axons, allowing electrical signal generated in cell body to rapidly reach axon terminal
  • role of processes= provide metabolic support and electrical insulation
39
Q

what is myelin

A

lipid wrapping around axons of neuronal processes

40
Q

benefit of insulation (myelin)

A

reduces/prevents leakage of electrical currents

allows signal to go long distances

41
Q

special feature of Schwann cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier (gaps in myelin)

42
Q

purpose of nodes of ranvier

A

permit regeneration of electrical signals passing down axon (with myelin signal degrades)

  • contain high density voltage-gated Na channels
43
Q

are microglia in CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

44
Q

role of Microglia

A

phagocytic role

respond to CNS injury

45
Q

what does microglia do when damage occurs?

A

become active and proliferate, reproduce and migrate from one region to another

  • clear damage, protect structures, allow recovery
46
Q

where are Ependymal cells found?

A

line walls of ventricular system

hollow cavities in brain that contain CSF

47
Q

3 characteristics of grey matter

A

darker

less myelin

rich in cell bodies

48
Q

2 characteristics of white matter

A

paler colour

rick in processes (mostly axons, some dendrites)
- axons have myelin sheath that is mostly lipid (white appearance)

49
Q

afferent vs efferent

A

afferent= sensory

efferent= motor

50
Q

2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic

visceral/motor

51
Q

where is the somatic NS located

A

in outer tube of body

  • skin, muscles on outside, joints, bones (etc)
52
Q

afferent component of somatic NS

A

sensory= conscious or unconscious

  • sensation from skin: pain, temperature, touch
  • muscle and joint position: proprioception
53
Q

efferent component of somatic NS

A

motor= conscious or unconscious

  • innervation of skeletal muscle (conscious or unconscious— reflex)
54
Q

where is the visceral NS located

A

inner tube of body

  • blood vessels, gut, digestive system, glands, arteries (etc)
55
Q

afferent component of visceral NS

A

sensory= usually unconscious

  • monitoring status of internal organs (heart, lungs, digestive tract, etc.)
56
Q

efferent component of visceral NS

A

motor= unconscious

  • innervation smooth muscle (gut, arteries) and glands (salivary, tear)
57
Q

purpose of convolutions on cerebrum and cerebellum

A

to increase surface area

58
Q

2 types of convolutions on cerebrum

A

gyri= mountains (bumps)

sulci= valleys (grooves)

59
Q

2 types of convolutions on cerebellum

A

folia= mountains (bumps)

fissures= valleys (grooves)

60
Q

6 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

A 
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
limbic
insula
61
Q

function of central sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobe

aka sulcus of Rolando

62
Q

function of lateral sulcus

A

separates frontal/parietal lobe from temporal lobe

63
Q

3 components of brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

64
Q

function of corpus callosum

A

white matter

connects cerebral hemispheres

65
Q

corpus callosum is divided into 3 parts

A 
R= rostrum 
G= genus
S= splenium
66
Q

diencephalon consists of…. 3 things

A

thalamus
hypothalamus (below thalamus)
epithalamus (pineal gland)= above thalamus

67
Q

2 arterial blood supplies to the brain

A

internal carotids

vertebral arteries

68
Q

what are internal carotids

A

principal source of blood to the brain

69
Q

what are vertebral arteries

A

blood supply to brain

passes along vertebral column, enters skull posteriorly

come together on surface of brainstem to form singular midline artery= basilar artery

70
Q

how many vessels from heart to brain

A

4 in total

71
Q

what does the external carotid artery supply?

A

blood to the face

72
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

aka cerebral arterial circle

connects arteries together

73
Q

what 3 arteries emerge from the circle of willis

A

posterior, middle and anterior cerebral artery

74
Q

which artery is primarily affected is someone has a stroke affecting the brain?

A

middle cerebral artery

NEUROANATOMY (7 decks)

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