7. Cellular Responses To Stress And Noxious Stimuli: Adaptations And Differentiation, Cell Injury And Cell Death

Question 1

1. List and describe cellular adaptations (reversible changes) that can be seen during cellular insult (hypertrophy; hyperplasia; atrophy; metaplasia) (objective)

Answer 1

Answer later

Question 2

2. List and define causes of cellular injury (e.g., infectious, immunologic, nutritional, genetic) and correlate with clinical signs and symptoms (objective)

Answer 2

Answer later

Question 3

3. List 6 patterns of necrosis and describe the usual organ/tissue type associated with each type (objective)

Answer 3

Answer later

Question 4

4. List key mechanisms for intracellular accumulations seen in manifestations of metabolic derangements during cellular injury and give examples of each (objective)

Answer 4

Answer later

Question 5

5. Identify clinical conditions in which pathologic calcifications can be observed (objective)

Answer 5

Answer later

Question 6

VINDICATE’M

Answer 6

Vascular
Inflammatory/Infectious
Neoplastic
Degenerative/Deficiency/Drugs
Idiopathic/Intoxication/Iatrogenic
Congenital
Autoimmune/Allergic/Anatomic
Traumatic
Endocrine/Environmental
Metabolic

Question 7

Causes of Cell Injury

Answer 7

Oxygen Deprivation (Vascular)
Chemical Agents (Intoxication)
Infectious Agents (Infectious)
Immunologic Reactions (Inflammatory)
Genetic Factors (Congenital)
Nutritional Imbalances (Environmental;Metabolic)
Physical Agents (Trauma)

Question 8

Cellular Adaptations (list)

Answer 8

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia

Question 9

Hypertrophy

Answer 9

Increase in size of cells, that results in an increase in the size of the affected organ (induced by growth factors)

Most common stimulus is increased workload

Occurs in tissues incapable of cell division

Question 10

Hyperplasia

Answer 10

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus

Common cause: Growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells

In tissues whose cells can divide or have a lot of stem cells

Question 11

Metaplasia

Answer 11

Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type
Most common epithelial metaplasia is columnar to squamous (respiratory tract in response to chronic irritation)
Connective tissue metaplasia: formation of cartilage, bone or adipose tissue
In response to chronic irritation, usually induced by altered differentiation pathway of tissue stem cells, may result in reduced functions or increased propensity for malignant transformation

Question 12

Atrophy

Answer 12

Reduction in size of an organ or tissue due to decrease in cell size and number
Result of decreased nutrient supply or disuse; associated with decreased synthesis of cellular building blocks and increased breakdown of cellular organelles

Question 13

Oxygen Deprivation (clues)

Answer 13

Cyanotic, lowered oxygen saturation, carbon dioxide and monoxide, vascular will point to focal neurological deficits

Question 14

Chemical Agents (clues)

Answer 14

AMS, drug use, pupil change

Question 15

Infectious Agents (clues)

Answer 15

Fever, low glucose in CFS, low neutrophils or lymphocytes

Question 16

Immunologic Reactions (clues)

Answer 16

Redness, heat, swelling, hives, distribution might be bilateral

Question 17

Genetic Factors (clues)

Answer 17

Born with it

Question 18

Nutritional Imbalances (clues)

Answer 18

Diet changes, bypass

Question 19

Physical Agents (clues)

Answer 19

History of trauma

Question 20

Dystrophic

Answer 20

Localized, focal

Question 21

Metastatic

Answer 21

High serum calcium levels, whole body, systemic