7. Cell Energy Extraction Flashcards

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1
Q

High energy electron

A

scattered sufficiently strongly by only one or two layers of atoms to allow diffraction spots to be observed from ordered surface layers which are only a few nm in extent, laterally

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2
Q

Reduction

A

the addition of hydrogen to the substance or the removal of oxygen from the substance

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3
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

process for modulating the activity of a protein by the binding of a ligand, called an effector

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4
Q

Three catabolic processes harvest the energy in the chemical bonds of glucose

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Cellular Respiration
  3. Fermentation
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5
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • It begins glucose catabolism
  • It converts glucose to two pyruvate and a small amount of energy
  • It does not require O2 (an anaerobic process)
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6
Q

Cellular Respiration

A
  • It uses O2 from the environement (an aerobic process)
  • It converts 1 pyruvate into 3 CO2.
  • It includes pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle and an electron transport chain
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7
Q

Fermentation

A
  • It does not involved O2.
  • It converts pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol (energy rich molecules).
  • It releases much less energy compared to cellular respiration
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8
Q

Aerobic conditions

A

Four pathways operate:
-Glycolysis
-Pyruvate oxidation
-The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, the tricarboxylic acid cycle),
-Electron transport/ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation

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9
Q

Anaerobic conditions

A

Two pathwyas operate:
-Glycolysis
-Fermentation

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10
Q

Glycolysis (3 stages)

A

-Energy consuming phase which require ATP
-Cleavage phase
-Energy-releasing phase that produce ATP and NADH

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11
Q

Cellular respiration includes

A
  • pyruvate oxidation,
  • the citric acid cycle
  • the electron transport chain/ATP synthesis
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12
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation (2 steps)

A
  1. Electron transport
  2. Chemiosmosis
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13
Q

Electron transport

A

electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the respiratory chain and create a proton concentration gradient

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14
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The protons diffuse back to the mitochondrial matrix and ATP is synthesized

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15
Q

Allosterically regulated

A

The activity of the enzyme phosphofructokinase

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