(7) + (8) + (9) Maps

Question 1

Types of maps

Answer 1

• Planimetric
• Topographic
• Thematic

Question 2

Planimetric

Answer 2

2D view of the earth from above

Question 3

Topographic

Answer 3

• 3D shape of earth’s surface from above
• Use contour lines (equal elevation) to show topology
• May also include planimetric map features

Question 4

Thematic

Answer 4

• Highlights some particular information

- Geologic maps (Distribution of rocks units, Soil types, Natural hazards, Groundwater information)

Question 5

All maps have a ___ to compare size on earth to the size on the map

Answer 5

Scale

Question 6

Scale Types

Answer 6

• Fractional Scale
• Graphic Scale
• Verbal Scale

Question 7

Fractional Scale

Answer 7

• Ratio
• Actual distance on the ground on the map between any two points
• Common scales (1:50 000) (1:20 000) (1:100 000) (1:250 000)

Question 8

Graphic Scale

Answer 8

• Line or bar indicated the relationship between the distance on the map and actual distance on the ground

Question 9

Verbal Scale

Answer 9

• Words express relationship

o 1 inch = 24 000 inches

Question 10

Directional Indicator

Answer 10

• North arrows
• Government topological maps: N is parallel to L and R sides of map
• But not the blue grid!

Question 11

Earth’s magnetic Pole

Answer 11

• Compasses point to it
• Earth’s magnetic pole is constantly changing in position
• Magnetic declination
  o Angle (degrees, minutes, sec) between true N and magnetic N
  o Adjust compass manually to account for magnetic declination
  o Correction shown on government maps

Question 12

Finding Directions

Answer 12

• Indicate direction from one point to another
• Measuring in degrees
• Use protractor to measure from a map
• Use a compass to measure on the ground
• Express as azimuth or quadrant bearing

Question 13

Azimuth

Answer 13

• Number of degrees clockwise from north
• 000deg to 360deg
• Three-digit number

Question 14

Quadrant Bearing

Answer 14

• Four quadrants NE, NW, SE, SW
• Angle from North or South to East or West
• Acute angle

Question 15

Must know how to express Latitude and longitude, UTM, and public land survey co-ordinates

Answer 15

:)

Question 16

Latitude and Longitude

Answer 16

• Angular distances
• Latitude – distances N and S of equator (Equator = 0deg)
• Longitude – distances E and W of prime meridian (Prime meridian = 0deg)
• Equator and PM define the hemispheres of the world
• Express to the nearest second

Question 17

Universal Transverse Mercator system

Answer 17

• World divided into 60 zones, each 6deg
• Width changes in polar regions
• Measured in meters
• Each square on blue grid on topological map is 1 km by 1km (Offset from geographic and magnetic north’s)

Question 18

Public Land Survey

Answer 18

• Dominion Land survey
• Township-Range system
• Canadian Prairies and parts of BC and US use this
• Seven N-S meridians
• E-W baselines (49th parallel = 1st baseline, each one 24 miles)

Question 19

Division in PLS

Answer 19

• Townships (36 square miles) numbered from meridians and baselines (NS for TS, and EW for R)
• Sections (36 sections, each 1 square mile)
• Quarter Sections (4 Q-S in each section - NE, NW, SE, SW)

Question 20

Order of writing in PLS

Answer 20

• Quarter section – section – township – range – direction from meridian – meridian
• SW-20-12-9W4
• SW1/4, sect. 20, T12 R9 W4

Question 21

Topographic map colours

Answer 21

• Blue: water
• Green: vegetation
• White: no vegetation (can have grass)
• Black: cultural features (buildings, etc.)
• Brown: elevation (contour lines)
• Legend on back of topo maps

Question 22

Contour Lines

Answer 22

• Shows elevation
• Closely spaced contours: steep slope
• Widely spaced contours: gentle slope
• Evenly spaced contours: uniform slope
• Not all contour lines are labelled

Question 23

Hachure lines

Answer 23

• Small lines facing inwards on a circle
• Indicate a depression
• Can be on a contour line

Question 24

Spot Elevations

Answer 24

• Points with known measured elevation
• Benchmark
• Denoted with a dot or X plus a number (elevation)

Question 25

Determining slope of gradient

Answer 25

• Amount of inclination of a surface or line with respect to the horizontal (rise/run)
• Expressed verbally (m/km, ft/mi)
• Expressed as a percent

Question 26

Run: straight line distance or curved distance?

Answer 26

• Pay attention to what was asked
• “along a creek”: curved distance
• “from point A to point B”: straight line

Question 27

Relief

Answer 27

• Difference between elevation of highest point and elevation of lowest point in the area
• When drawing topographic profile, use relief to scale the vertical axis

Question 28

Vertical exaggeration

Answer 28

• Profiles are often exaggerated for the better emphasis
  o Usually vertical scale is exaggerated cf. horizontal scale
• Expressed as a ratio

Question 29

Look for on aerial photos to identify features

Answer 29

• Shape
• Size
• Tone
• Patterns (spatial arrangements)
• Shadow
• Topographic location
• Textures (smooth, coarse)