7-17 Inheritance + populations Flashcards
What is the genotype?
the genetic constitution of an organism
What is the phenotype?
the observable or biochemical characteristics
What are alleles?
different forms of the gene
What is a gene?
a length of DNA that codes for different things within the organism
What are homologous chromosomes?
a pair of the same chromosomes
What is a dominant allele?
the allele that is expressed
What is a recessive allele?
the allele that is not expressed
What is a genetic mutation?
deletion or substitution of an amino acid resulting in a mutation
What is codominance?
when two alleles are expressed at the same time
What is sex linkage?
any gene carried on either the X or Y chromosome
What is autosomal linkage?
two or more genes carried on the same chromosome and are inherited together
What is epistasis?
when the allele of one gene affects or masks the expression of another in the phenotype
What is the chi-squared test?
observed-expected2 over expected
what is the hardy weinberg equation
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
It assumes that the allele frequencies don’t change from generation to generation
What is a gene pool?
The collection of alleles in the population
What is natural selection?
Where individuals with favourable traits are more likely to leave more offspring better suited for their environment
Also known as differential reproduction
What are homozygous alleles?
When both alleles are the same
What are heterozygous alleles?
When the alleles are different
What is a Punnett square?
A cross diagram used to show the genes of genetic offspring
What is dihybrid inheritance?
How two characteristics, determined by two different genes located on different chromosomes, are inherited
How is a sex linked allele represented?
X or Y to the power of (letter respresenting the allele)
What is a pedigree chart?
A chart which shows the inheritance of sex-linked characters in a family
A male is represented as a square
A male is represented by a circle
Shading indicates the presence of a character in the phenotype
What are autosomes?
The chromosomes which aren’t sex chromosomes
How do you evaluate the value calculated in the chi squared test?
If your calculated value is less than the degree of freedom, accept the null hypothesis that there is a significant difference between your observed and expected results
If the value is larger than the degree of freedom, there is epistasis or linkage of the alleles
