6B - Memory (Psych) Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Describe the relationship of memory and attention.
A
Attention and memory are seen to go hand in hand. They utilize the same conceptual ideas in which all sensory information is taken in at a sensory register and because it is then filtered and passed onto creating meaning and a short term capacitor and eventually it passes on to higher cognitive functions. These three general steps are seen in terms of both memory and attention, however, they differ in the details. In general, it is thought that in order for an indv to create memories, short and maybe long term, an indv has to be paying attention to the information
2
Q
The information processing model
A Is an attention model that explains how memory is formed and stored
B. Is a memory model that explains how memory is formed and stored
C. Is an attention model that explains how information is assigned meaning and how attention shifts or holds
D. Is a memory model that explains how information is assigned meaning and how attention shifts or holds
A
B. Is a memory model that explains how memory is formed and stored
Attention models: Brentbroad’s, Deustch & Deustch, and Triesman’s models do not explain how memories are formed, rather it explains how information is assigned meaning and how attention shifts or holds (look at Flashcards Psychoactive Drugs for dets) Though the attention and memory models focus on the same 3 broad categories of sensory registers, info processing, higher cognitive functions
3
Q
Though there are 5 senses, only 2 are best studied. Explain how these two sensory information are defined in the information processing model.
A
Vision and Audition are the two best studied sense in psych. All information of these two are temporarily stored under the sensory register (sensory memory) as Iconic (Visual) and Echoic (Auditory) where they await to be processed and integrated with other senses to have more meaning
4
Q
Information stored in Iconic and Echoic Memory lasts … A half a second, 3 - 4 seconds B 3 - 4 seconds, half a second C 1 - 2 seconds, 3 - 4 seconds D 3 - 4 seconds, 1 - 2 seconds
A
A half a second, 3 - 4 seconds, Though visual memory is so vivid and detailed, it is stored in the sensory register for half a second only and while auditory is stored for 3 - 4 seconds. If these information are not assigned meaning and attention, then the stimuli is simply lost
5
Q
Contrast the differences in capacitance between sensory memory and working memory
A
While sensory memory stores information based on time, working memory stores information based on quantity: 7 +/- 2 This quantity is based on how hard the information stored in this memory is and how old a person is [note: according to Duke, ognitive psychologists divide memory into the first 15-30 seconds, and they call this short-term memory, and alllllll the rest of memory that lasts beyond 30 seconds is long-term memory]
6
Q
Angelie is watching a show, Ladybug and Cat Noir. Juan asks her what she is seeing right now as he is curious, however she looks up and says she doesn’t know. In confusion, he looks at you with the most startled face. What should have occurred after she recreated iconic memory?
A
If her brain was attending to the show, the iconic memory should’ve been processed and been transferred into short term memory as visual spatial information onto her visuo-spatial sketchpad [note: this is based off of the information processing model]
7
Q
As you are studying for the MCAT, you are typing as fast as your hands can as you listen to a lecture. Knowing that you are falling behind, you pause the video and still continue to type the information you heard. What allows you to recall this? What occurs to this information once it is passed on from the sensory register?
A
Your echoic memory can last 3 - 4 seconds, allowing you to recall the information briefly before forgetting it. Once this information is passed from the sensory register to the working memory, the information is processed in the phonological loop as verbal information [note: this is based off of the information processing model]
8
Q
Verbal information in short term memory is defined by
A
Verbal information here means any words AND numbers of both iconic and echoic memory [note: this is based off of the information processing model]
9
Q
Much similarly like the attention models, what is the next step in memory processing after the information has been processed by the phonological loop or visuo-spatial sketchpad?
A
This information is then either (1) Transferred to the long term memory loop or (2) informationS are processed by the central executive and integrated into a representation of the information and gets stored in to the episodic buffer (the connector from short term memory to long term memory)
10
Q
As information comes from short term memory through the episodic buffer, what happens to these types of information?
A
They are consolidated as explicit or implicit memory
11
Q
Alex is teaching Billy how to ride a hoverboard he got for his birthday. As Alex is talking, he steps onto the hoverboard to demonstrate how Billy should lean to induce the board to accelerate. What type of memory is Alex drawing from in order to show Billy?
A
Alex is utilizing his procedural long term memories he learned when he first rode a board with Catalina. This type of memory is an implicit (nondeclarative) that come switch practice and involves physical movements
12
Q
After Juan broke the hanger in the bathroom, you force him to watch a video of how to hang a nail on the wall. After some videos, you watch him perform these movements. How is he able to achieve this flawless action even though he has never done so before?
A
Due to priming under implicit long term memory, he was utilizing his experience of watching others perform the action to correctly commit to the actions himself
13
Q
As you are driving, Angelie is telling a horrendous story about what she saw when she was with mom. She claims that she and mom there were two double rainbows in the sky after a heavy rain and how there was a tree in the lake. What type of memory is she relying on?
A
Angelie is relying on episodic memory, a type of declarative/explicit memory which consolidates memories about an event.
14
Q
You recall taking many multiplication tests back in 3rd grade. Back then, you didn’t quite understand the meaning of how multiplications came about, but you were able to recall each one over and over again until the teacher moved you onto long division. What allowed this to be possible?
A
Your semantic, explicit memory allowed you to recall facts and memories involved with words
15
Q
Mnemonic to remembering explicit vs implicit memory
A
“Ex”plicit -> Explain or Declare. Therefore Explicit memory is declarative memory and implicit memory has to be nondeclarative
16
Q
In the information processing model, which of the following terms best describes the initial sight of blood or seeing a white coat that is easily forgotten? A Echoic Memory B Sensory Memory C. Working Memory D Iconic Memory
A
D. Iconic memory, which is a particular type of visual sensory memory that lasts less than half a second
17
Q
Describes how sensory memory can influence your attention based on the information processing model?
A
Then brain decides which portion of the information from these sensory memory is important to give selective attention - only going to see portions of the things you saw and these parts are going to end up in the short term memory
18
Q
What is the one requirement needed in order to transfer working memory to long term memory?
A
Short term/working memory MUST BE PRACTICED. With practice, these information is transferred into long term and if not it becomes lost
19
Q
You are reading your Kaplan books, and happen upon a paragraph about memory, where the author is using declarative and explicit memory. Define the difference between explicit and declarative memory.
A
Some psychologists refer to declarative memory as a type of explicit memory, therefore these include explicit and semantic memory. However, to tease the small details out, Procedural and declarative memories are the what of memory, implicit and explicit memories are the how.(science.org) Explicit memories then are those that you consciously remember. They are used interchangeably many times
20
Q
Define long term memory in terms of consciousness.
A
Explicit memory is often thought of as consciously remembered information while implicit are the unconscious memories such as procedures or recall due to priming
21
Q
It’s Valentine’s day and Juan forgot about it again. Feeling your frustration, he states that he’s bad with memory and can’t seem to remember anything even though you reminded him about it 2 weeks ago. What does he not consciously commit to once he receives the information and the information has entered into his short term memory.
A
While the information is processed and stored in his short term memory under the episodic buffer, he did not commit to encoding the information into long term memory. This requires conscious effort and processing of the information, which transfers the information from temporal to long term memory
22
Q
Finally Juan said he’ll commit to trying to remember things. You ask him to remember to go buy his mom a Valentine’s gift as the two of you will be over at their house that weekend. As you walk away, you hear him reciting it over and over to himself. What is he doing? What is the ultimate result?
A
He’s committing to the rote rehearsal, which is an encoding technique to remembering short term information. Though many people commit to this, studies have shown this is the least effective method as this process does not require processing (note: repeating information is not processing). Therefore he ultimately will forget
23
Q
Juan asks you if we need anything for the house while he is at Walmart. You text him the following list: bananas, oranges, blueberries, bread, rice, chicken, peanuts, baking soda, flour, eggs, butter. Later he comes home and says his phone died after he read the list so he only got 2 things. “You should chunk the items next time” you say. What do you mean by that?
A
You are asking him to process the information by organizing the information into recognizable categories that these objects belong to. In this manner, it will help him better remember [Successful techniques involve tying in the new information to previously learned information]
Note: this is sometimes known as clustering
24
Q
Compare and contrast method of loci from peg word systems. How are they different? How are they similar?
A
Both are methods of encoding information under the category of mnemonics used mainly to remember order. However they differ by the different types of anchors one uses to remember a sequence of events. The peg word system starts with a verbal anchor and the method of loci is involved with location
25
As you and your lab partner in anatomy are attempting to create acronyms for the complex structures of the body, you two fall into a debate. She states that mnemonics is another word for acronyms, hence why so many people use it this class. Your response is
No. acronyms are a type of mnemonic. Mnemonics actually have many different types of strategies that fall under it: Pegword system, method of loci, and imagery as well. [Note: Mnemonics - memory aids that you link what you’re trying to learn into previously existing easier to remember information that’s probably already in long term memory]
26
As Juan is receiving a haircut from Victor, you start to snoop around in his room. You find a notebook of the same grocery list you sent him a few weeks back and see the following: 1 is a gun. Banana is a gun shape. Two is a shoe, shoe is round shape like orange. That patterns of memorization is his notations following?
He is integrating both imagery (visual images) and pegword (a mnemonic device a verbal anchors, therefore you start with words that rhyme with the number). [Note: Integration allows increase in likelihood that you’ll remember the info]
27
As you are creating questions to quiz yourself later on the MCAT, you fill each question about your own personal life. What are you committing to in this practice?
You are self-referencing, an encoding method in which you incorporate new ideas to you personally. This technique requires a great deal of processing and increases the likelihood that you’ll be able to retain the information
28
You’re observing a new intern today and you ask them to study as if they will be preparing to teach to the whole cohort. How is the idea of preparing to teach related to encoding information?
This method of study falls under the category of self referencing, where the indv will organize they topics and spend more time understanding the information. This addition effort put into the work increases the likelihood someone will be remembering the information at hand
29
Though there are many methods of encoding during studying to reinforce information into long term memory, how can you continue to encode this information after studying? Why?
While it is important to engage in good studying habits to encode information for long term memory, it is as important to commit to spacing, which is the idea of studying in intervals rather than in one long session. The act of stopping prevents you from being under the impression that you fully understand the subject. As you restart to study again, you find that it is harder to pick up. This method shows you what you lack in knowledge.
30
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During the process of encoding, one is able to commit the information under a few types of processing. Which is the deepest level of encoding?
A Structural
B Phonetic
C Semantic
D. Episodic
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C. Semantic - this is the deepest level of encoding an information can be processed in and has the highest probability of recall at a later date.
D. is a made up term and not part of the encoding process. It is a memory
31
You have started volunteering at a Higher Education Pursuit program for inner city children and want them to start learning new vocabularies. Compare the different types of questions you would ask if you wanted them to have a structural process of encoding to phonetic process of encoding.
Both of these processes are forms of changing the actual information into useful forms (called encoding) and center around verbal information. Structural encoding is the shallowest type of encoding process. It focuses on the structure of the verbal information at hand, therefore you would ask for different types of letters a word has. Phonetic encoding deals with how the word sounds, therefore you should ask them to rhyme the word (accessdl.state.al.us)
32
Because visual and auditory sensories are the most studied two sensations of the body, many terms developed in terms of memory are referenced to the examples of them only. Describe what semantic encoding of verbal information is.
Semantic encoding focuses on the meaning verbal information (remember these can be either words or numbers received via visual and auditory pathways) This type of encoding requires a deeper level of processing than structural or phonemic encoding and usually results in better memory/recall (accessdl.state.al.us)
33
As Alex is learning new vocabulary in his speech class, he confesses that it is very hard for him to remember. You tell him that with practice he can eventually memorize them all. What is the first step thing that must be done to working memory in order to create long term memories
Encoding is the first step to create long term memories. Therefore he must engage in effortful tasks during his studies, such as peg word systems or method of loci
34
After a few days of practicing, Alex still has not improved his memorization of his new vocabulary list. After talking to mom, mom confesses that Alex really doesn’t enjoy school and is seen daydreaming during his zoom meetings, as well as playing in front of the camera instead of listening. You also notice that he doesn’t sleep until very late and wakes up very early. What is another factor in hindering his inability to remember his vocab?
Sleep deprivation. Sleep is very important in consolidating (making a memory stronger), establishing and stabilizing a memory. Studies have shown that sleep deprivation in fact can negatively affect our ability to remember
35
As you are sitting at your desk studying, you find yourself thinking about the time when you first studied for the MCAT and how you loved listening to music while you studied. You remember one song in particular that you played on repeat for a month and you decide to turn it on. How was this an example of a successful retrieval?
Successful retrievals depend on your ability to use the cues that are present around you and recognize the association between the cues present at encoding and the cues present at retrieval. At retrieval, the cue that signaled the memory was your studying, which was the same cue encoded when you first hear the song.
36
Retrieval is a process under what portion of psychology?
It is a portion of memories, specifically a process seen during the recalling of long term memories
37
In the process of retrieving a memory, your brain can associate these memories into cues that were in place during the time of encoding. List these different types of retrieval cues out
Priming cues, Contextual cues, and State dependent cues
38
At one point in elementary school you were reading Watership Down, a novel about rabbits. During recess, as you hung out with your friend by the bathroom, you read instead of pay attention to the conversation. You raised your head as you heard someone say hair and immediately associated this to the animal. What type of cue was this word? What just occurred in your brain?
Because of your exposure to the novel, you have been primed and prepared your brain to associate the word hair to hare/rabbit. This occurs at an unconscious level (implicit/nondeclarative memory)
39
Everyday after O Chem, you see a person remain in their seat and begin to study rather than leave like everyone in the class. Come test day, you see him sit in the same chair again. Once midterm season ended, Professor Leivens announces that he has the highest score of anyone in the class. What was he practicing as he studied?
This student was engaging in encoding contextual cues into his long term memory. Studies have shown that those who study in the same environment as when they are taking an exam perform higher because they are able to retrieve environmental cues that were encoded with their information process.
40
Just learning about contextual cues, you rush to see if you are able to study in an environment similar to the MCAT set up in order to maximize your score. After days of research you find that you are unable to access the location. What should you do in order to still include some sort of contextual cues into your study?
You should study in multiple places. These different places will provide different cues for retrieval. So that when you go to take test in some other location you will have not just one set of cues, but multiple
41
After not hearing from Stephanie for so long, you decide to message her. You find that she is not doing so good mentally and now that she is living alone, she feels more sad than ever because it is reminding her of how lonely she was years ago. How is her current situation a classic example of state dependent retrieval cues?
Mood is often a state - dependent cue. Feeling sadness can trigger her to remember other times when she was just as sad or worse. Therefore her sadness is a cue she has encoded into a painful memory which will ultimately lead to increasing her state of depression.
42
Wanting to study for the MCAT, you sit in your chair. However, emotionally you’re feeling upset from the argument you and Juan had last night. Your mind starts wandering to other times when you both have had very intense moments in your relationship. What should you do to avoid the cycle of thinking in order to focus on the task at hand?
Your mood is causing you to remember other memories you have stored as long term memory. So while you cannot erase these memories that are causing you to enter into a cycle, you should remove the stimuli that are causing the initial memory. Therefore enlighten your mood by doing things you enjoy or leaving the environment where you associate the bad memory
43
From hardest to easiest in recalling, list the types of recall in order
A Free recall, Cued Recall, and Recognition Recall
B Cued Recall, Recognition recall, and Free recall
C Recognition Recall, Free Recall, and Cued Recall
D Free Recall, Recognition Recall, and Cued Recall
A. Free recall, Cued Recall, and Recognition Recall. The more clues you have, the increase in probability of retrieving the information from long term memory
44
True or False: Only long term memory can be retrieved for later use
False, according to course.lumenlearning, both short and long term memory can be retrieved for later use
45
In order to go to sleep, Angelie and Alex are demanding a bed time story and now you have to produce one for them. After the story ends, Juan asks what they remembered, but both can only remember how it starts and how it finishes. They must have dozed off in the middle, Juan concludes. What are they currently demonstrating in this retrieval process? Why can’t they seem to remember any of the middle portion?
Both are experiencing the primacy and recency effect, in which they only remember the first and last information. The decrease in remembering is caused by the primacy and recency to have an increased probability of being remembered
46
What are some of the cons when retrieving old memories?
In retrieving the memory, we change it a little bit each time. These changes to memory are affected by our mood, goals, environment, etc
47
Changing memory can lead to what?
Alterations can also be a result of gaps in memories, in which the brain fills the gaps in with something logical and desirable
48
After watching a video about Ted Bundy, you go on and snoop the internet about this man. You read an article from a man, he claimed that he was a target of Ted Bundy as well and he barely escaped. After reading this, you’re convinced that anyone young was a target of Bundy. However, from the document, they stated that he targeted young, pretty women. What error in memory construction are you experiencing?
Misinformation effect - can occur after we encode something but before we try to retrieve it ourselves. This effect can be seen at encoding AND seen at recall. This causes us to misidentify the information. Misleading information is incorrect information given to an eyewitness following an event
49
Among the many reasons, why is misleading information to occur in memory construction?
One reason for false or misleading information can have such a strong impact on memory is that people have difficulty with source monitoring. This leads to confusion over whether they’d seen the information
50
Are there any memories that may be immune to misleading information?
Some think that emotional, vivid memories called flashbulb memories are more likely to be accurate and not changed with retrieval. Both positive or negative can be included in these types of memories. These can change however, but construction is minor.
51
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The phenomenon by which neurons grow and strength
A. Neuroplasticity
B. Habituation
C. Encoding
D. Long Term Potentiation
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D. The connections between neurons grow and strengthen. - called long term potentiation, LTP. An example is known as synaptic plasticity. LPT is thought to be the physiological mechanism of how learning occurs. Therefore as synapses strengthen, we are able to more easily recall previous experiences and knowledge.
52
How can long term potentiation occur post synaptically, if there are no changes to the release of receptors?
Repeated stimulation creates a greater post-synaptic even though there are no changes to ntsr release from the pre-synaptic neuron. Therefore the post-synaptic gets better at opening its ion channels and gets better at distributing the graded potentials down the soma to the axon hillock. When this occurs, we say the synaptic strength increases
53
Describe decay theory.
is a theory that proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time. Information is therefore less available for later retrieval as time passes and memory, as well as memory strength, wears away. This causes the neurons of these memory to become harder to stimulate.
54
Describe the pattern of decay in memory among different individuals.
The pattern of decay seems pretty consistent, even for different types of material. Therefore the initial rate is very high but then it levels off after a period of time.
55
The replication studies looking at decay theory demonstrated what?
These studies demonstrated that the more integrated the initial learning was, the more stretched out the rate of forgetting is. This is demonstrated in the first studies done by Ebbinghaus.
56
You learned spanish initially in highschool and then again in college. In college, you had a more integrated learning and this allowed you to grasp more grammar. However, since then, you haven’t used spanish all that much nor have you started classes again. Describe the decay in memory you are experiencing after college.
After learning the language, you’re not immediately forget in the first few days. However, there is a rapid forgetting in the first few years and the forgetting will level off after no use.
57
Convinced that you’re no longer able to speak spanish because of memory decay, you decide to determine if you truly have no more memory of this information. What can you attempt to do in order to determine if you no longer have this memory anymore?
There are 3 mechanisms that you can attempt to determine if memory is present:
1. Retrieval/recall - just because this is not possible or not occurring, this does not mean long term memory is is gone
2. Recognition - when you identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again. It involves a process of comparison.
3. Relearning - relearning the topic and quickly learning this topic can demonstrate that they’re learned this information before.
58
How did Ebbinghaus explain relearning?
He stated that relearning tended to be much faster. This fast relearning meant there is a foundation - he coined this as savings - that was present even though an indv cannot retrieve
This savings is thought to be stored in long term memory
59
You’re studying electrical currents and feel that you’ve grasped this much better than when you were in undergrad. However, you’re trying to recall fluids, this is another form of current as well, and you’re have a hard time remembering this topic. What type of memory retrieval are you experiencing?
Retroactive Interference - some new piece of learning reaches back and impairs your ability to retrieve something you used to know.
60
Upon studying for the MCAT, you learn that the Phosphoglucose isomerase changes a 6 carbon ring into a 5 carbon ring. However, when you first learned this you learned that this was done by phosphofructokinase. This mislearning initially has caused you to consistently recall the wrong information today still. What type of memory retrieval are you experiencing?
Proactive interference - the interference that old memories prevent you from learning new information into long term memory
61
Contrast memory interference from amnesia.
Interference is a disruption of memory because of new information that competes with the information we are trying to recall.
Amnesia is a forgetting process due to brain injury, disease, or age.
62
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A man comes into the ER and is experiencing some confusion. After introducing yourself, you start examining your patient. You order labs and as you are about to finish the initial check up, he asks who you are again. You then go on and order a CSF and MRI and find that his CSF came back positive. His inability to recall is
A. Anterograde amnesia
B. Proactive interference
C. Retrograde amnesia
D. Retrograde interference
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A. Anterograde amnesia. The disease can cause him to not to be able to recall information after the onset of the disease. Not interference, because no new information is present in the learning process
63
Aging often affects memory. What types and processes of memory specifically are affected by aging.
Recall, episodic memories, processing speed, and divided attention.
Recall: recognition is stable, but harder for older adults to recall. (this is the ability to recall without cue - free recall)
Episodic Memories - often memories that were formed long ago are stable, but memories that are newly formed becomes more difficult as we age
Processing Speed - harder time outputting a response within a short period of time even if you knew the answer
Divided Attention - increasingly harder to switch attention between tasks and therefore we become more easily distracted
64
Episodic memories is defined as the ability to recall and mentally re-experience specific episodes from one's personal past and is contrasted with semantic memory that includes memory for generic, context-free knowledge. What is the caveat about this type of memory with aging.
Episodic Memories - often memories that were formed long ago are stable, but memories that are newly formed becomes more difficult as we age
65
Aging affects memory on many levels. However, what portions of memory are stable?
Implicit memory - stays the same across the life span. Therefore once you’ve learned to ride a bike/perform a task, the procedure will likely stay with you as you age
Recognition memory - once you learn something, your ability to pick it out of a list remains about the same
66
What types of memory improve with aging?
Semantic memory - improves until around age 60. Decline after. (therefore older adults have excellent verbal skills and why they are great at crosswords)
Crystallized Intelligence - the ability for indv to use and apply knowledge and experience. This is because the longer you live, the more experiences you have and more knowledge you retain. This can be tested in reading comprehension and analogy tests. Therefore older adults tend to be better than younger adults in these tests
67
At the age of 30 years old, you’re talking to a friend, who’s around 25. She and her boyfriend are having an argument about a topic that, in your eyes, is very simple to solve. However, she’s stressing about the problem quite a lot. How is the age difference an explanation to the differences in what is being demonstrated in the scenario?
Rationing and reasoning in emotionally charged or interpersonal problems improve with age. The theory behind this is thought to be due to greater experiences among older folks
68
Contrast dementia from amnesia
Dementia includes both amnesia and loss in cognitive functions. These cognitive functions include daily functions and therefore this causes interference of everyday life
Amnesia is the simple memory decline accompanied by no other cognitive impairments
Both are results of disease, injury, or even aging
69
At which point is dementia now deemed as Alzheimer's disease.
Dementia is a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is the most common cause of dementia. Alzheimer's is a specific disease. Dementia is not
70
As you are looking at a CT scan of a patient, you note there is a loss of cerebral cortex mass. What is the underlying mechanism of this change in mass seen in Alzhiemer’s disease?
The shrink in cerebral mass in AD is often associated with neurons dying off. Lost of synapse leads to the cerebral cortex shrinking in size .
71
A 70 year old woman comes into the office an hour late for her appointment. Frustrated but still wanting to give her the best medical treatment, you check her in and give her an exam. Throughout your exam, you notice that she’s having a really hard time paying attention to her exam and questions you asked. You start to suspect that she may be experiencing early symptoms of Alzhiemer’s. What other symptoms are needed to be present in order for you to correctly diagnose her with early Alzhiemer’s disease?
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Earliest Sx: inability to encode or retrieve recent memories.
Difficulty with attention
Planning
Semantic Memory
Abstract Thinking
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72
In a clinical trial assessing Alzhiemer’s disease, you are asked to hire an assistant for yourself. Upon interviewing a woman, she asks if there are any studies that are close to a cure. Your response
No. This disease is terminal
73
A 40 year old man named Charles is brought into the ER by his son Dave. Due to Charles’s difficulty in communicating, Dave informs you that his dad has been experiencing some difficulties in his mental ability. Charles is forgetful and almost set the house on fire when he was cooking last night. Dave confides in you that when Charles is later asked what he did on that day with Dave, Charles would create things that were not true. Dave however does not feel that Charles would lie about these facts, but is convinced Charles really doesn’t know or believes in the things he says. The patient is an undiagnosed alcoholic, having 5 drinks a day for 10 years now. What is your diagnosis? Why?
Korsakoff’s Syndrome. This dementia disease can onset with malnutrition, eating disorders or alcoholism, which leads to the inability to digest thiamine. Thiamine is responsible for converting complex carbs into glucose for energy and is required by neurons. This lack of energy can cause neurons to die off and present themselves in the form of dementia as stated above. The main Sx of Korsakoff’s is Severe memory loss accompanied by confabulation - pt makes up stories to fill in the gaps
74
As you are reviewing your patient’s chart, you note that the records you received from the optometrist demonstrate her right eye has consistent vertical jerks/flutter . Today in the clinic during her exam, you asked her about her last visit and she made no recollection of her visit. If you can prove that she was malnourished in vitamin B1, what symptom is she experiencing?
Wernicke’s Encephalopathy. This is the precursor to the Korsakoff’s Syndrome characterized by poor balance, abnormal eye movement, mild confusion, and/or memory loss. When this is untreated, this can lead to Korsakoff’s Syndrome.
75
What is the average age does Alzhiemer’s disease tend to inflict people?
Alzhiemer’s disease tends to affect anyone above 60 years of age
It's rare to have an early onset of this disease
76
Which type of memory argues that the information is stored in terms of networks?
Semantic memory. This type of memory argues that concepts are organized in the mind in terms of connectedness of ideas. These concepts are in turn organized from higher order categories down to lower order categories
77
As you’re thinking about animals, you note that the chickens and canaries are more closely related, however cows are much further in relation from these chickens. In terms of Semantic memory, explain the relationship of these 3 animals set in your mind.
Shorter and longer connections to each node dpds to how close these two ideas are closely or far related (respectively) this means that chickens and canaries will have shorter lengths in connection from one another. However, cows will have a much longer connection to chicken
78
How does the theory of cognitive economy play a role in memory?
This theory argues that information is stored in a schematic manner/knowledge representation. It demonstrates the efficiency of the brain in storing information.
79
Dubious of the principle cognitive economy, what can you set up to determine the validity of this theory? What are the results?
In a set up with participants, ask them to identify subcategories to a general category, identifying a canary and ostrich as a bird.
Canary: people should immediately identify this as a bird
Ostrich: people should take longer to verify this as a bird.
This means that the longer it takes us to verify 2 information (nodes), the longer these connections are
80
What is flawed about the theory of cognitive economy? What has been set forth to replace this theory?
The recalling time and therefore relation of ideas are not all true for all categories. An example from studies: Many people can confirm that a pig is an animal faster than a pig is a mammal.
Collins and Loftus - modified Semantic Network - states that each semantic network develops based on the experiences and knowledge
81
What’s the difference between a semantic network and a schema?
A Schema is a mental framework that you have of something. It helps organize and interpret the world around us by fitting objects/people to these schemas you’ve created that portray how you think things should “look like, be like, etc”
Semantic network just describes the structure you mentioned and then it’s used to explain a variety of cognitive models (spreading activation, cognitive economy, etc.)
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Mnemonic to remember explicit vs implicit
Explicit - experience (+ facts) - therefore conscious memory
| Therefore Implicit - “Im” means not, not conscious memory
83
In the information processing model, which of the following terms best describes the initial scent of fresh-cut grass that can easily be forgotten later?
(A) Echoic Memory
(B) Sensory Memory
(C) Working Memory
(D) Long-term Memory
(B) Sensory Memory
84
Think about your high school graduation. What type of memory is that?
(A) procedural memory
(B) semantic memory
(C) priming
(D) episodic memory
(D) episodic memory
85
Q - People often compare familiar tasks to riding a bike. Which 2 of the following memory terms describe a skill like riding a bike?
a. Declarative
b. Implicit
c. Non-Declarative
d. Explicit
B and c. Implicit and Non-Declarative Memory are synonyms.
86
In lay terms, learning and memory are often used together and interchangeably. For instance in elementary classes, teachers would tell you to learn or commit this to memory. Compare and contrast learning from memory in psychology.
Learning is the study of changed behaviors with stimulus changes while memory is the gaining of knowledge that we accumulate over our lifetimes.
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Divide formation of memories into categories.
The formation of memories can be divided up into 3 major processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval
88
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The process of putting new information into memory
A. Retrieval
B. Storage
C. Encoding
D. Learning
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C. Encoding - process of committing new information to memory. For example, when we read something, such as this article, we can try to memorize it
89
As you are watching a video for memory to study for the MCAT, you start to sit there and just listen to Andre’s lecture. What type of memory formation are you committing to?
This encoding, specifically automatic processing. This type of encoding of information is gained without effort, but this does not mean that you as the studier will retain any of the information later
Note: Controlled and automatic processing deals with attention span during encoding
90
Tired of scoring low on the MCAT, you really commit to your studies this time around. For each lecture, you take notes. After lecture, you create questions, and after the questions ou review them once and then again when you move on to new topics. What type of encoding are you committing to?
Controlled/effortful processing - this is an active memorization process and falls under the category of encoding
Note: Controlled and automatic processing deals with attention span during encoding
91
When you were first learning spanish, vocabulary was one of the hardest things you struggled with. With each word, you have to commit a lot of time and effort to decipher which was very difficult to maintain for long. However over time, this processing became easier. What phenomenon are you experiencing?
Controlled process becoming automatic processing. Note that with this example, you are actually processing the information and not simply recalling, therefore this process is not recall: hear the word, translate it into english, in order to understand.
92
In studying for the MCAT, you often use characters or real events in making questions. What phenomenon are you committing to during this process? How does this affect memory?
This incorporation of yourself during your memory retention is known as self reference effect. This has one of the strongest effect in our ability to recall the information later.
93
There are many mechanisms that we as the individual can commit to in order to encode information. When you repeat the information over and over, which mechanism are you committing to? Where is this information stored?
This is maintenance rehearsal. The rehearsed information then (1) is stored in working memory in order to prevent you from forgetting the information (2) is stored in short term memory and then eventually into long term memory
94
When is the method of loci the most helpful to remember a piece of information?
When the information you are attempting to learn is associated with a location in which you are already familiar with
95
Contrast examples of encoding processes from encoding methods
Encoding processes: automatic processing, controlled processing, visual encoding, auditory encoding, semantic encoding
Encoding methods: maintenance rehearsal, mnemonics, method of loci, peg word, chunking/clustering, self reference effect
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Contrast encoding from storage in the discussion of memory
Encoding is the process in which we retain information
| Storage is the the location of where the information sits
97
List the different types of storage for memory
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Working memory
Long term memory
98
What portion of the brain is responsible for holding sensory memories?
Sensory memory is maintained by their respective major projections each sensory system. Ex: Iconic/visual memory = occipital lobe and echoic/auditory memory = temporal lobe
99
While watching the new season of the bachelorette, you a commercial comes on for a split second and it is taken off the screen. You asked Juan if he say it, and he stated that he did. When you ask him to fully describe what he say, he only was able to recall certain pieces of the screen. When he is asked again to recall just a portion of the screen, to your surprise, he does a fantastic job at describing the whole thing. Describe how memory is at play here
The whole report - asking indv to describe everything they say - demonstrated inaccurate reportings and does not seem to be stable in iconic memory
Partial Report - asking indv to describe a subsection of what they say, resulted in higher accuracy. This confirms the existence of visual memory (Wiki) Informational persistence which is the basis behind iconic memory is thought to be the key contributor to visual short term memory as the precategorical sensory store
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True or false. Information entering our sensory memory are information we are paying attention to.
False Information we are paying attention to enter the short term memory after sensory. When we are not actively engaged therefore automatically processing information, these are information lost and are replaced with new stimuli since our bodies are constantly introduced to new stimuli
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Contrast time frame in which information stays in short term memory from sensory memory
Information in sensory memory lasts a few seconds, with echoic the longs and iconic memory the shortest
Information in short term memory lasts a little longer, usually around 30 seconds without rehearsal. Note: An indv can store about 7+/-2 amount of information in short term memory at a time - this is dependent on the level of difficulty of the information
102
How can you as an indv increase the capacity of short term memory if you are attempting to collect more information for the MCAT?
The capacity of short term memory can be increased by clustering information
103
How can you change the duration of short term and sensory memory?
Sensory memory duration can be increased through maintenance rehearsal.
You can not increase duration of sensory memory as of today
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While encoding can be divided in terms of attention, describe how encoding can also be divided based on sensory information?
Visual, acoustic and semantic encoding (this is putting the new information into a meaningful context)
Strength of encoding for these types: Semantic > Acoustic > Visual
Note: All of these types of encoding fall under controlled processing
105
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What anatomical portion of the brain houses short term memory?
A. Pons
B. Thalamu
C. Frontal Lobe
D. Hippocampus
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D. The hippocampus - this is responsible for the consolidation of short term memory into long term memory
106
Contrast short term memory from working memory
Both are very similar to one another and like short term memory, working memory is also supported/localized in the hippocampus as well.
However, unlike short term memory, working memory is the manipulation of short term memory with the aid of attention and executive function (therefore frontal and parietal lobes)
107
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The memory that enables us to do simple math in our heads such as (108 - 39)1.5 is
A. Sensory Memory
B. Short Term Memory
C. Working Memory
D. Long Term Memory
```
C. Working memory. The sensory information (the math equation) is brought into the sensory memory and the working memory manipulates this with the help of the frontal and parietal lobes
108
How can memory enter long term memory?
Short term memory can enter into long term memory after rehearsal. There are many types of rehearsal that can consolidate this information, but the one type of rehearsal is elaborative rehearsal.
109
Contrast maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal - this type of rehearsal keeps information at the forefront of consciousness
Elaborative rehearsal - this is the association of the information to knowledge already stored in long term memory. This type of rehearsal is is closely tied to self reference effect
110
Which anatomical portions of the central nervous system are associated with long term memory?
The hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The hippocampus initially stores long term memory, however, over time this memory is moved back to the cerebral cortex
111
You’re watching the news with Jeffrey and you both hear that a woman in a car accident has severely damaged her hippocampus. You start to think about her long term memory and the damages to it, but to your surprise, she is able to recognize her family and friends. However, she is unable to recall her doctors from a few days ago, even though she was able to do so a few minutes ago. Why might this be the case?
Damage to the hippocampus affects short term, working memory, and long term memory. This means that she is unable to form any of these based on where the hippocampus was damaged. However, long term memory is moved from hippocampus to cerebral cortex, therefore the information stored in the cerebral cortex should remain untouched, hence why she could remember her family and friends.
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Long term memory can be divided into many categories. Based on awareness, divide long term memory.
Long term memory is divided into implicit (unconscious) and explicit (conscious) memory.
Implicit memory AKA nondeclarative and procedural memory
Explicit memory: further divided into semantic (fact) and episodic (experience) memory
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lashbulb memory is a highly vivid and detailed 'snapshot' of a moment in which a consequential, surprising and/or emotionally arousing piece of news was learned. For instance the loss of a loved one or rejection can result in creating this type of memory. What type of long term memory does this memory fall under?
Flashbulb memory is memory of both episodic and semantic memory. Both are different types of long term memories however, these can overlap and co-occur.
114
You’re trying to study electricity in physics for the MCAT and attempt to solidify this information in long term memory. What type of information is this? What specific type of memory will this information be stored in?
```
The study of electricity is simply facts and concepts. Because this information is consciously and intentionally recollected, this information will be stored in:
Explicit memory (conscious) > Declarative (facts, events) > Semantic Memory (facts and concepts)
```
115
When you first started playing softball, you had to learn and memorize how to bat. What type of information is this? What specific type of memory will this information be stored in?
```
The act of batting is procedural but because it is not habitual yet, this information is collected consciously. Therefore this information will be stored in:
Explicit memory (conscious) > Declarative (facts, events) > Episodic memory (events, experiences)
```
116
After practicing batting for 3 months, the act of batting now comes naturally to you and you can now commit to this in a game without much thought. What type of information is this? What specific type of memory will this information be stored in?
```
The act of batting is procedural and this act can be done unconsciously now. Therefore this information is stored in:
Implicit Memory (unconscious) > Procedural memory (skills, tasks)
Note: the conscious procedure can be moved to unconsciousness with rehearsal and practice. Therefore this information is moved from episodic memory to procedural memory
```
117
Teachers often test students if they learn the information through recalls and retrieval of the Contrast recall from retrieval.
Retrieval is the process of demonstrating that a piece of information has been retained. , Therefore this information is from long-term memory and pulled into working memory
Recall is a type of retrieval process and the direct statement of the learned information
118
Contrast recall from recognition in the process of memory retrieval.
Recognition is the process of simply identifying a piece of information that was previously learned. This process is easier than recall as the correct answer is in a pile among other incorrect answers
Recall is the ability to pluck an answer from thin air
119
How does spacing affect long term memory?
Spacing effect is the idea that the longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the information later on. This explains why the cramming for an exam is ineffective compared to spacing out study sessions
120
Psychologists believe that concepts stored in long term memory are organized in a network fashion. Why is this important in spreading activation?
Spreading activation is the unconscious activation of related topics/concepts/nodes when this initial node is stimulated. This spread of activation serves to make these related areas of the memory network more available for further cognitive processing
121
During Catalina’s party, Alex and Angelie both took turns to hit the pinata and received candy as a reward for this act. When they attend Camilla’s birthday party next time, Alex is on the hunt for a pinata. What is the underlying process to this association?
Priming occurred, which is a cognitive process that occurs when exposure to one stimulus (pinata) alters a indv’s reaction to a later stimulus (birthday party). Priming is a form of implicit memory
122
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Cues from the environment that help the brain located long term memory
A. Context Cues
B. Cued Recall
C. Serial Position recall
D. Recognition
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A. Context Cues
123
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False memories due to internal/self doing is known as
A. Misinformation effect
B. Confabulation
C. Source-monitoring Error
D. Retroactive Interference
```
B. Confabulation. This is a phenomenon in which we fill in gaps in our memories that causes drastic change in memory
124
Memory trace is a phenomenon that is created when neurons release ntsr into a synapse. What is this thought to allow an individual to have? How can memory trace disappear?
Memory trace is thought to be the biological reason for short term memory. Memory trace is thought to disappear when stimulation does not occur over and over. Therefore learning something without rehearsal of it will lead it to disappear.
125
Explain the biological mechanism to long term potentiation.
Frequent and continued stimulation allows the neurons to become more efficient at releasing ntsr into the synapse as well as increasing the amount of ntsr into the synapse. This mechanism is thought to be the underlying mechanism of long term potentiation
126
Draw out the brief overview of anatomical portions involved in memory formation from sensory to long term memory
Sensory memory - brief. If maintained in consciousness, this sensory memory moves to short term memory (this is in the hippocampus). This short term memory is transferred to working memory to be worked with/manipulated. (this occurs in the hippocampus the whole time). With time this working memory is transferred slowly to the cerebral cortex for long term storage
127
Learning
A. The process in which we recall
B. The process in which we store information in working memory
C. The process in which we acquire new behaviors
D. The process in which we store information in long term memory
C. The process in which we acquire new behaviors, oftentimes behavioral change in response to a stimulus. This is the exact definition in psychology. Though the other processes fall under this as well, they are not the definition
128
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Sensory input
A. Moving your hand
B. A bright light
C. Graded Potentials
D. Terminal Threshold
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B. A bright light. Sensory inputs are any substance that the organism can respond to
C. Graded potentials are membrane changes in the neuron that when summated, can result in an action potential. Therefore can technically the organism can respond to this, but not necessarily
D. Terminal threshold: the level beyond which a stimulus is no longer detected.
129
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A first year medical student sees a cadaver the first time and has an intense physical reaction to this sight. He ends up running out of the room and throwing up in the hallway. After a year of working on a cadaver, he no longer experiences this same phenomenon. What has occurred?
A. Desensitization
B. Dishabituation
C. Sensitization
D. Habituation
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D. Habituation. This is the process in which responses to stimuli can change over time depending on the frequency and intensity of the stimulus. In this scenario, repeated exposure to the same stimulus causes a decrease in response
A. Desensitization - is distinguished from habituation by the explicit expression of post-stimulation memory rebound and recovery. This means desensitization: body responding less to a repeated stimulus due to decrease of receptor response. Habituation is your body responding less due to psychological processes. The scenario threw in no clues for decreased receptors.
130
You’re driving on the coast of Monterey Bay and over time, your brain gets used to the sights, sounds, and sensations of the highway. Suddenly you see a new figure dashing across the street. Consequently, you pay more attention to the sensory stimuli coming in. What phenomenon occurred. What requirements have to be present in order for this phenomenon to exist?
Dishabituation - in this process a recovery of a response (your attention) to a stimulus (figure) after you have decreased your attention as a result of habituation
This process requires that (1) habituation to the stimulus occurs beforehand and (2) a new stimulus is presented after habituation has occurred
Note: Dishabituation is temporary and refers to changes in response to the original stimulus. Not the new stimulus!
131
Contrast Associative and Classical Conditioning.
Associative learning - this is the creation of pairing/association between either: (1) two stimulus (2) behavior and response
Classical Conditioning - a type of associative learning that takes advantage of a biological response, natural stimuli and new stimuli. In this manner, there is an association of the 2 stimuli
132
The study of memory is?
The study of memory focuses on HOW individuals how we gain knowledge that we accumulate OVER the course of our lifetime
133
What are the processes of memory?
Memory formation occurs in 3 phases: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
134
As a signal is uptaken by the sensories and enter the memory pathways what, what process is this called if we are talking about the formation of memory?
This is the process of encoding - this is the process of getting information into our memory system through either automatic or effortful processing.
135
As you see an unfinished puzzle lying on Victor’s table, you start to mental solve it for him and you recall this is due to the visuospatial sketchpad. Explain how the visuospatial sketchpad model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch is a good example of the working memory.
The model entails our ability to store visual and spatial information as well as how we are able to execute and manipulate these information. This model was a part of a bigger working memory model along with the central executive and the phonological loop. Remember that working memory is the only portion of memory that allows for conscious manipulation of information
136
Explain why the phonological loop is related to working memory?
The loop is related to working memory because of the phonological store. This store serves to momentarily hold verbal information. This loop is associated with the left parietal activation and a rehearsal buffer associated with activation in Broca’s area.
137
True or false - The articulatory loop is related to working memory in that its store holds verbal information.
False - the articulatory loop is a loop which inner speech is used to reactivate or “refresh” the representations in the phonological store. It however is not a store itself, it simply allows one to repeat what one has heard from the phonological loop
138
What kind of working memory example is this: One tries to remember their grocery list by repeating it over and over.
This is a part of the phonological loop! This loop deals with spoken and written material. The phonological store (linked to speech perception) acts as an inner ear and holds information in a speech based form.
139
Juan just finished brushing his teeth and turned off the lights for bed. He navigates back to bed without hurting himself successfully. What portion of memory allows him to successfully do so?
Working memory, specifically the visuospatial sketch pad. This allows us to temporarily remember visuospatial information via mental images. In this manner, he is able to manipulate the information and act accordingly
140
Compare how self reference is different from elaborative rehearsal. How are they similar?
Self reference is the method in which a person attempts to move information from encoded areas to the short term memory. Elaborative rehearsal is the method in which a person moves information from short term to long term. Both involve tying the new information to us personally. In elaborative rehearsal, this new information is tied to the already existing information in long term
141
What is depth processing? What portion of memory is it related to?
This is the type of processing in which the information information that has been processed on a deeper level; this type of information is more likely to be remembered. Ex: Information that is personably relatable
This type of process is linked to long term memory and can be achieved by a number of methods such as elaborative rehearsal.
142
You have a patient here in clinic diagnosed with an unspecified dementia and you note he is able to ride his bike perfectly well, however he is unable to recall fact or information about his in laws. Is this a pathologically possible?
Yes, remember that diseases on memory can affect only one type of memory while leaving others alone. In this case, his disorder is affecting his semantic memory (explicit memory) while having no role in his implicit memory
143
True or false - Memories are stored separately and therefore can usually be recalled one at a time only.
False. Memories, while separate, can simultaneously co-occur. This occurrence allows for a vivid memory which leads to a flashbulb memory.
144
```
This phenomenon is only possible because the information stored are organized.
A. Visuospatial sketch pad
B. Phonological loop
C. Spreading Activation
D. Retrieval
```
C. Spreading Activation - this process describes the trigger of a chain reaction of linked memories and information. This linkage is in an organized web rather than a random process as previously thought. It does require a retrieval cue in order for the activation process to start.
145
You’re talking to Kat on the phone and when she says she wants to go see Downton Abbey the movie, you start to recall WWI. What effect is being displayed?
Spreading activation. The mention of the movie is an environmental cue triggered other memories to be activated. In this manner, the cue acts in a priming manner, which is the phenomenon in which exposure to one stimulus influences a response to other subsequent stimuli without conscious intention/guidance.
146
You’re walking with Angelie and she sees a bag of candy on a red bench. She pleads if she can have one since no one is claiming it and you tell her next time since you two are running late. Next time you 2 walk by the same bench and she actively searches the bench. What is occurring?
This is called priming. Priming occurs when an exposure alters the behavior or thought of a person. The bag of candy was the environmental cue that triggered Angelie to actively change her behavior the next time around
147
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In a research with Alzheimer’s patients, you note that in a task to remember a list of words, most patients are able to remember the end of the list remarkably well however don’t recall much of the beginning of the list. What is being observed?
A. Spreading Activation
B. Depth Processing
C. The Serial Position effect
D. Recency Effect
```
D. Recency Effect. This is the phenomena in which an indv is better able to recall information at the end of session, but this type is not seen at later recall. While recency effect is a more specific type of serial position effect, the better answer to the question is recency effect
148
Why is information easily recalled as a result of recency effect, not easily demonstrated at later recall?
It is believed that the information is stored in short term memory after learning, which allows the indv to easily recall the list of information as seen in recency position effect. However, with time, this information fades from short term memory and the indv is no longer able to recall this information.
149
Define Serial position effect.
This is the phenomenon in which the position of the information when learned is retrieved better. There are 2 types of serial position effect: (1) Primacy Serial Effect (2) Recency Serial Effect
150
What portion of memory is most susceptible to decline?
Short term memory is most susceptible to decline in old age. This leads to more difficulties in recalling and recognizing information
151
True or False - The process of forgetting as a result diseases is called transience.
False, Transience is the normal forgetting process. However, forgetting due to diseases are pathological.
152
What are the 4 disorders of memory loss to know for the MCAT?
Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease, Korsakoff’s Syndrome, and Agnosia
153
What is Dementia? Why is is different from other cognitive disorders as a result?
Both are not the same disorder. Dementia is an overall term used to describe symptoms that impact memory, performance of daily activities and communication abilities. Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia and the most common type of dementia
154
List the common symptoms seen in Alzheimer’s Disease.
Decline in memory formation, decline in cognitive function, confusion and disorientation, functional difficulties, emotional and behavioral abnormalities
155
In Grey’s anatomy, Dr. Grey visits her mom in a hospice facility and when she gets there, her mother is experiencing an abnormally bad mood. What phenomenon is this?
This is apart of sundowning phenomenon seen in patients with Alzheimer's. This is the increase in symptoms of confusion, disorientation and cognitive functions in middle/late patients in the late afternoon and evening.
156
What biological markers are seen in the nervous system with patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s?
Decrease in cerebral cortex size, increase in β - amyloid plaques, tau clumps, decline of Ach inputs to the hippocampus, and loss of neurons
157
True or false - Alzheimer’s Disease tends to occur in a retrograde fashion.
This is true. Patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s tend to experience memory loss in a retrograde manner. Therefore the memory lost are those created in the past
158
How does the biological markers of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s differ in the early stage compared to the overall biomarkers?
We see a decline in temporal lobe size. This area of the brain is significant in memory formation. We also see a decline of neurons from the Basalis Nuclei (structure WITHIN the basal ganglia) to the hippocampus. These neurons are essential in depositing acetylcholine to the hippocampus
159
What neurotransmitter can be used as a treatment for patients diagnosed with early stage alzheimer’s?
Ach. this treatment plan does demonstrate some cognitive improvement in patients
160
While there are some symptoms that are seen in patients diagnosed with early Alzheimer’s disorder, they exact causation of them to the disease is not quite yet known. What are these?
(1) abnormal energy consumption due to abnormal metabolic pathways
(2) Oxidative Stress increase
(3) Abnormal Synapses between neurons
161
A child patient of yours is undergoing hemispherectomy to prevent his prolonged seizures. You do expect him to have a full recovery with time and do expect normal function. Why do you expect this? Explain in terms of synaptic changes.
Due to neural plasticity and the drastic changes in synaptic in children, you are able to expect a great outcome. With time, one side of the hemisphere should be able to assume full normal functions for the entire body
162
Mnemonic - Proactive interference old information Prevents leaning of new information. Therefore Retroactive interference old information lost when learning of new information
Remember to keep this format of old information first
163
Define the interference effect in psychology
This is the effect in which one forgets information as a result of information being similar to the memory
164
There are some ways to prevent retrograde interference? Can this be used for proactive interference?
One method to prevent retrograde interference is to reduce the number of interfering events, ex: not studying an hour before bed
This method cannot be used to prevent proactive interference
165
How can you prevent proactive interference?
Rehearsal of the new information through testing yourself or recitation
