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Nutrition 2 (Semester I) > 6b. Endocrine Health - Diabetes > Flashcards

6b. Endocrine Health - Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What are GLUT proteins?

A

Facilitate transport of glucose

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2
Q

What does GLUT1 do?

A

Basal glucose uptake without insulin

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3
Q

What does GLUT2 do?

A

Mediates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

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4
Q

What does GLUT4 do?

A

Glucose uptake with insulin
Can increase glucose uptake 20-30 fold

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5
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Group of metabolic disorders with persistent hyperglycaemia caused by deficient insulin secretion, resistance to insulin or both

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6
Q

What is T1D?

A

AI
Absolute insulin deficiency

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7
Q

What is T2D?

A

Insulin resistance (with/without)
Relative insulin deficiency

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8
Q

What is pre-diabetes?

A

Hyperglycaemia
Increased risk of T2D and metabolic syndrome

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9
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Develops during pregnancy
Normally resolves

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10
Q

What is a normal reading for fasting blood glucose?

A

Below 5.5 nmol/L

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11
Q

What is a pre-diabetic reading for fasting blood glucose?

A

5.5 - 6.9 nmol/L

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12
Q

What is a diabetes reading for fasting blood glucose?

A

> 7.0 nmol/L

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13
Q

What is a normal reading for an HbA1c test?

A

Below 42 mmol/mol

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14
Q

What is a pre-diabetic reading for an HbA1c test?

A

42 - 47 mmol/mol

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15
Q

What is a diabetic reading for an HbA1c test?

A

> 48 mmol/mol

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16
Q

Signs/symptoms of T2D

A

Increased urination
Excessive thirst
Excessive hunger
Extreme fatigue
Obesity
Acanthosis nigricans
Blurry vision
Poor wound healing
Recurrent infections

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17
Q

Complications of T2D

A

CVD
Hypertension
Stroke
Elevated homocysteine
Retinopathy
Peripheral neuropathy
AZD

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18
Q

Causes/risk factors of T2D

A

Family history
Ethnicity - Asian, African, Afro-Caribbean
Advancing age
Diet - high GL, alcohol, high saturated fat, low fibre, low AO
Nutrient deficiencies - C, E, B3, B5, B6, Mg, Cr, Zn, O3
Obesity
Reduced physical activity
High oxidative stress
Chronic stress
Mitochondria dysfunction - increased ROS, decreased GLUT4
Poor methylation - high homocysteine, hypertension, high triglycerides
Pre-diabetes

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19
Q

How is gut dysbiosis implicated in T2D?

A

Drive inflammatory processes
Modulate SCFA production
Alter intestinal permeability
Cause metabolic endotoxaemia increasing circulating LPS

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20
Q

Which bacteria strains have been found to be protective against T2D?

A

Bifidobacterium
Faecalibacterium
Akkermansia
Roseburia

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21
Q

Which bacteria strains have been found to increase the risk of T2D?

A

Ruminococcus
Fusobacterium
Blautia
Generally low diversity overall

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22
Q

Naturopathic approaches to supporting T2D

A

Low GL meals/low carb diet - control blood glucose/lower IL-6
Increase fibre - slower release of glucose
Increase protein
Avoid refined carbs and snacks
Avoid inflammatory foods
Increase AO foods
Address dysbiosis - Lactobacillus acidphillus
Calorie restriction
Address stress
Sleep hygiene

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23
Q

Nutrients to support T2D

A

Mg
Zn
B vits
D, C, E
Chromium
EFAs
CoQ10
Alpha lipoic acid

24
Q

Herbs to support T2D

A

Panax ginseng
Fenugreek seeds
Onions
Garlic
Cinnamon

25
Q

Why is chromium important in supporting T2D?

A

Component of chromodulin, a protein that increases the sensitivity of tyrosine kinase which enhances the glucose uptake from GLUT4 cell receptors
May reduce carb cravings

26
Q

Examples of chromium rich foods

A

Eggs
Turkey
Broccoli
Barley
Oats

27
Q

Supplement dosage of chromium in supporting T2D

A

200-1000mcg/day

28
Q

Why is alpha lipoic acid important in supporting T2D?

A

AO - reducing oxidative stress/inflammation
Improves insulin sensitivity by increasing GLUT4 translocation to cell membranes

29
Q

Examples of alpha lipoic rich foods

A

Broccoli
Brussel sprouts
Spinach
Potato
Carrots
Beets
Tomatoes
Peas
Red meat

30
Q

Supplement dosage of alpha lipoic acid in supporting T2D

A

200-600mg/day

31
Q

Why is cinnamon important in supporting T2D?

A

Enhances insulin sensitivity
Promotes insulin release

32
Q

Why is Mg important in supporting T2D?

A

Regulates insulin activity
Modules cell membrane glucose transport

33
Q

Supplement dosage for Mg in supporting T2D

A

200-400mg/day

34
Q

Why is vit D important in supporting T2D?

A

Insulin sensitivity - activates transcription of insulin gene
Beta cell function
Systemic inflammation

35
Q

Why is myo-inositol important in supporting T2D?

A

Reduces blood glucose and insulin levels by improving insulin cell signalling

36
Q

Supplement dosage for myo-inositol in supporting T2D

A

Up to 4g/day

37
Q

Why is biotin important in supporting T2D?

A

Improve blood glucose control
Increases activity of glucokinase enzyme

38
Q

Supplement dosage of biotin to support T2D

39
Q

Why are EPA and DHA important in supporting T2D?

A

Improves insulin sensitivity
Improves GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation into cell membranes
Reduces systemic inflammation

40
Q

Supplement dosage of EPA/DHA to support T2D

41
Q

Why is Zn important in supporting T2D?

A

Increased urinary loss due to hyperglycaemia
Regulates insulin receptor responses
Co-factor for AO enzymes

42
Q

Supplement dosage for Zn in supporting T2D

A

15-20mg/day

43
Q

Why is CoQ10 important in supporting T2D?

A

Deficiency can lead to reduced glucose metabolism and insulin resistance
Cell respiration (ETC)

44
Q

Supplement dosage of CoQ10 in supporting T2D

A

100-200mg/day

45
Q

Why is berberine important in supporting T2D?

A

Decreases gluconeogenesis
Facilitates GLUT4 translocation
Reduces expression of proinflammatory genes
Modulates microbiome
Increases AMPK activity of islet cells

46
Q

Why are reishi mushrooms important in supporting T2D?

A

Gandoderic acids increase insulin secretion and decrease insulin resistance

47
Q

Why is milk thistle important in supporting T2D?

A

Reduces fasting glucose
Improves liver function
Protective against NAFLD

48
Q

In which gender is T1D more common?

49
Q

How many years can T1D reduce life expectancy by?

50
Q

Signs/symptoms of T1D

A

Similar to T2D but more severe and faster onset

51
Q

Why can hypoglycaemia occur in T1D?

A

Missing meals
Over-exercising
Excess anti-diabetic medication

52
Q

What does T1D increase the risk of?

A

Other AI diseases - Grave’s, Hashimoto’s, coeliac disease

53
Q

Causes/risk factors of T1D

A

Genetics - polymorphisms (HLA-DR/DQ gene)
Stress
Viral infections
Obesity
Early intake of gluten
C-section
Nitrates - smoked/cured meats
Vit D deficiency
O3 deficiency - promotes inflammation
Gut dysbiosis/intestinal permeability
Elevated zonulin

54
Q

How is T1D monitored at home?

A

Glucose monitoring devices - Freestylelibre, Dexcom

55
Q

Naturopathic approaches to supporting T1D

A

Same as for T2D
Support blood glucose balance
Restore nutrient deficiencies - vit D, O3
Optimise gut health
Reduce stress
Increase exercise
Improve sleep
Reduce inflammation
Remove allergic triggers

Nutrition 2 (Semester I) (15 decks)

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