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Nutrition 2 (Semester I) > 2a. Nutrigenomics > Flashcards

2a. Nutrigenomics Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrigenomics?

A

The study of the interaction between nutrition and genes
Especially in regard to the prevention or treatment of disease

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2
Q

What can nutrigenomics offer?

A

Personalised nutrition and lifestyle plans

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3
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

2 paired nucleotide chains (the double helix)

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4
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of?

A

Deoxyribose (sugar)
Phosphate group
One of 4 bases - adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine

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5
Q

How are nucleotides organised?

A

Into codons

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6
Q

What are codons?

A

Sequence of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

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7
Q

What happens when the translation of a protein is not coded correctly?

A

It makes a different protein

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8
Q

Why is it important that methionine is coded correctly?

A

Required for methylation
Switching genes on and off

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9
Q

What does low methionine increase the risk of?

A

Cancerous cell changes

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10
Q

What does SNP stand for?

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism

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11
Q

What is a SNP?

A

Differences in the single base in the sequence of a gene (codon)

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12
Q

What can a SNP result in?

A

A change in enzyme or protein function

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13
Q

What is a wild type variant?

A

No variant
Normal/stable

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14
Q

What is a heterozygous variant?

A

Single variation on one side of the chromosome pair

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15
Q

What can a heterozygous variant indicate?

A

A potential change of function

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16
Q

What is a homozygous variant?

A

Variation on both sides of the chromosome pair

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17
Q

What can a homozygous variant indicate?

A

A greater change of function

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18
Q

In what areas of nutrition can information about genetics be useful?

A

Methylation
Detoxification
Vitamin conversion/receptor function
Neurotransmitter/hormone synthesis and metabolism

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19
Q

What does the BCO1 gene do?

A

Codes for the enzyme that converts beta carotene to retinol (vit A)

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20
Q

What processes can be impacted with a SNP on the BCO1 gene?

A

Reduction in enzyme activity
Lower rate of beta-carotene to retinol conversion

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21
Q

How might a SNP on the BCO1 gene manifest itself?

A

Impaired night vision
Frequent infections
Skin conditions e.g. acne

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22
Q

How can a SNP on the BCO1 gene be supported?

A

Increase intake of pre-formed vit A from food e.g liver, fish oils
Supplementation - especially if plant-based

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23
Q

What does the VDR gene do?

A

Codes for the vit D receptor

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24
Q

What processes can be impacted with a SNP on the VDR receptor?

A

Absorption, conversion and/or transportation of vit D to receptor

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25
Q

How can a SNP on the VDR receptor manifest itself?

A

Rickets/osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Immune dysfunction

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26
Q

How can a SNP on the VDR receptor be supported?

A

Ensure optimal vit D levels with regular testing
Sun exposure
Food - oily fish, eggs
Supplementation

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27
Q

What does the SLC23A1 gene code for?

A

Production of the transporter which supports vit C absorption and distribution

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28
Q

How does a SNP on the SLC23A1 gene manifest itself?

A

Higher demand for vit C

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29
Q

How can a SNP on the SLC23A1 gene be supported?

A

Optimise dietary intake of vit C - fresh fruit/veg - peppers, kiwi, berries, citrus, tomatoes, cruciferous veg
Supplementation - liposomal
Reduce stress (if applicable)
Stop smoking (if applicable)

30
Q

What other mineral could be impacted by a SNP on the SLC23A1 gene?

A

Fe absorption
(reduced conversion from Fe3+ to Fe2+)

31
Q

What does the FADS1 gene code for?

A

Delta 5 desaturase

32
Q

What does the FADS2 gene code for?

A

Delta 6 desaturase

33
Q

What process can be impacted with a SNP on FADS1 gene?

A

Increase of high dietary O6 to inflammatory AA
(doesn’t convert to EPA/DHA)

34
Q

What process can be impacted with a SNP on FADS2 gene?

A

Lower levels of GLA, AA and EPA

35
Q

How can SNPs on FADS1 and FADS2 be supported?

A

EPA/DHA/ALA from fish oils, algae, flaxseed

36
Q

What does the TNF gene code for?

A

Production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine

37
Q

How can a SNP on the TNF gene manifest itself?

A

Increased inflammation
Increased risk of asthma, RA, psoriasis, cancer

38
Q

How can a SNP on the TNF gene be supported?

A

Reducing pro-inflammatory foods
Increasing anti-inflammatory foods
Curcumin
Green tea
SMASH fish

39
Q

What is methylation?

A

The process of adding a methyl group to a substrate

40
Q

What processes is methylation involved in?

A

Detoxification
Energy production e.g. CoQ10, ATP
Myelination and neurotransmitter production
Immune function e.g. inflammation, immune cell synthesis

41
Q

What dietary co-factors are required for methylation?

A

B2, 6, 9, 12
Choline
Betaine
Zn

42
Q

What is the master methyl donor?

A

SAMe

43
Q

What factors can disrupt methylation?

A

Insufficient substrates e.g. B9, methionine
Lack of dietary co-factors
SNPs affecting enzyme activity
Drugs e.g. OCP, metformin
Increased demand e.g. stress, inflammation
Toxin exposure e.g. alfatoxin (fungi), BPAs, heavy metals (mercury/lead)

44
Q

What can impaired methylation contribute to?

A

CV disease
Cancer
Infertility/miscarriages
Chronic fatigue
Neurological disease

45
Q

How can we test for poor methylation?

A

Genetic testing for methylation SNPs
Homocysteine testing

46
Q

What are the steps that convert folate to methylfolate? (folate cycle)

A

Eat folate foods - DHF - THF - 5,10 Methylene THF - 5-MTHF

47
Q

What does the MTHFR gene code for?

A

Enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase that converts folate into a methylated form

48
Q

What process can be impaired by a SNP on the MTHFR gene?

A

Reduced activity of the MTHFR enzyme

49
Q

How can a SNP on the MTHFR gene be supported?

A

Optimise dietary folate
Consider methylated folate supplement
Optimise B2 to support MTHFR gene

50
Q

What are the steps that convert methionine to homocysteine?

A

Eat protein foods - Methionine - SAMe - SAH - Homocysteine

51
Q

What genes are needed to convert homocysteine back to methionine?

A

MTR
MTRR

52
Q

What process can be impacted by a SNP on the MTR gene?

A

Decreased enzyme activity to convert homocysteine back to methionine

53
Q

What processes can be impacted by a SNP on the MTRR gene?

A

Reduced conversion of B12 to its methylated form

54
Q

How can SNPs to the MTR and MTRR genes be supported?

A

Supplementation of methylated folate and B12

55
Q

Which 3 genes are important for SAMe production?

A

MTHFR
MTR
MTRR

56
Q

What is SAMe reliant on?

A

Methylfolate
(the active form on folate/B9)
(the folate and methionine cycles working efficiently)

57
Q

What is SAMe formed from?

A

Methionine

58
Q

What is transsulphuration?

A

Conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine

59
Q

What is cystathionine?

A

A substrate for glutathione synthesis

60
Q

Which gene is needed to convert homocysteine to cystathionine?

A

CBS

61
Q

What processes are impacted with a SNP on the CBS gene?

A

Reduced conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine
Reduced SAMe
Faster conversion to ammonia (urea cycle)

62
Q

How can a SNP on the CBS gene be supported?

A

Increase Zn, choline, TMG
Neutralise ammonia with reduced animal protein, and probiotics to reduce bacterial production
Limit sulphur containing foods e.g. eggs, onion

63
Q

Which neurotransmitters is MTHFR essential for the synthesis of?

A

Serotonin
Dopamine
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

64
Q

Which gene is needed to break down serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

COMT

65
Q

Which hormone does COMT convert?

A

Active oestrogen to less active oestrogen

66
Q

What process can be impacted by a SNP on the COMT gene?

A

Reduced conversion of active oestrogen to less active = increased risk of breast cancer etc

67
Q

How can a SNP on the COMT gene be supported?

A

Choline, betaine, B9 and B12 rich foods (to support production of SAMe)
Avoid oestrogen disruptors e.g. plastics, anti-perspirants, dairy products

68
Q

What is the eNOS gene responsible for?

A

Generating NO from arginine

69
Q

What processes are impacted by a SNP on the eNOS gene?

A

Reduced eNOS activity and lower NO

70
Q

What is the implication of reduced eNOS activity and lower NO?

A

Slower ammonia detoxification
Increase in free radicals
Increased CV disease risk

71
Q

How can a SNP on the eNOS gene be supported?

A

Increase AO (rainbow foods)
Reduce intake of ammonia generating foods e.g. animal protein
Support NO production with beetroot juice or celery

Nutrition 2 (Semester I) (15 decks)

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