6.5.7-6.5.12; 6.6; 11.4 test

Question 0

adrenal glands produce which hormone(s) with what functions?

Answer 0

adrenaline: increases heart rate; stronger and faster

Question 1

The endocrine system consists of glands that release _____ that are transported into the ______

Answer 1

hormones; bloodstream

Question 2

pancreas glands produce which hormone(s) with what functions?

Answer 2

insulin; regulates glucose levels

Question 3

testes glands produce which hormone(s) with what functions?

Answer 3

testosterone; primary sexual characteristics

Question 4

ovaries glands produce which hormone(s) with what functions?

Answer 4

estrogen and progesterone; estrogen increases lining of uterus, promotes soft skin; progesterone increases lining of uterus

Question 5

thyroid glands produce which hormone(s) with what functions?

Answer 5

thyroxin; metabolic rate

Question 6

pituitary glands produce which hormone(s) with what functions?

Answer 6

FSH, LH, GH, MSH and ACTH;
FSH makes eggs and sperm
LH causes ovulation and makes testosterone
GH helps growth
MSH produces melanin
ACTH releases adrenaline

Question 7

homeostasis involves maintaining the ____ environment between limits, including blood ___, ___ concentration, blood ___ concentration, body ___ and ___ balance.

Answer 7

internal; pH; carbon dioxide; glucose; temperature; water

Question 8

blood pH is ___ in kidneys

Answer 8

7.3

Question 9

where is carbon dioxide concentration in homeostasis is maintained?

Answer 9

lungs

Question 10

where is blood glucose concentration maintained?

Answer 10

pancreas

Question 11

what controls body temperature? At what temperature?

Answer 11

the medulla; 36.8 degrees Celsius

Question 12

where is water balance controlled?

Answer 12

kidneys

Question 13

homeostasis monitors levels of variables. How does it correct changes in levels?

Answer 13

body temperature, pH, etc. fluctuate all day. As levels dropped lower, body does something to make temperature rise.

Question 14

what happens when the body temperature gets too low?

Answer 14

The hypothalamus send messages to different parts of the body to return the temperature back to 36.8°C

Question 15

what do the skin, skeletal muscles, and sweat glands do when the body overheats?

Answer 15

skin: arterials widen (dilate), more bloodflow to skin, warm blood from court comes in contact with cool air – he lost to environment
skeletal muscles: relax to generate less heat
sweat glands: sweat, water sits on skin and evaporates, uses heat from skin to evaporate and change state - cools skin

Question 16

what do the skin, skeletal muscles, and sweat glands do when the body cools?

Answer 16

skin: arterials to skin constrict, lower blood flow to skin therefore less heat lost to the environment
skeletal muscles: shiver, many small rapid contractions to generate heat
sweat glands: do not secrete sweat

Question 17

blood glucose level is usually how many millimoles per dm^3 of blood?

Answer 17

4-8

Question 18

High glucose levels trigger _ cells in pancreas islets produce insulin. Insulin stimulates ___ and ___ to absorb glucose. Glucose becomes ___ and is stored in the cytoplasm of ___ and ___ cells. Insulin ___ the permeability of cells to glucose so that glucose may enter cells. This lowers blood glucose levels (example of ____ ____). If glucose is too high, it’s converted to and stored as ___.

Answer 18

High glucose levels trigger beta cells in pancreas islets produce insulin. Insulin stimulates muscle and liver to absorb glucose. Glucose becomes glycogen and is stored in the cytoplasm of muscle and liver cells. Insulin increases the permeability of cells to glucose so that glucose may enter cells. This lowers blood glucose levels (example of negative feedback). If glucose is too high, it’s converted to and stored as fats)

Question 19

Low glucose levels trigger _ cells in pancreas islets to release ___. ___ stimulates liver and muscle cells, and this turns ___ into glucose. This raises the ____ ____ level.

Answer 19

Low glucose levels trigger alpha cells in pancreas islets to release glucagon. Glucagon stimulates liver and muscle cells, and this turns glycogen into glucose. This raises the blood glucose level.

Question 20

Distinguish between Type I and Type II diabetes

Answer 20

Type I: early onset (childhood); beta cells produce insufficient insulin; need insulin injections; auto-immune disease; own body attacking beta cells; detection: glucose in blood between 4-8
Type II: later onset; target cells lose sensitivity to insulin; sometimes can be controlled by diet